Chap 2 Research methods

Question 1

What are the four brain lobes?

Answer 1

Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal

Question 2

In what is the Frontral lobe involved in?

Answer 2

(Motor cortex) involved in motor skills, hight level cognition, expressive language, concentrate, judgment, problem solving, planning

Question 3

In what is the occipital lobe involved in?

Answer 3

(visual cortex) Involved in interpreting visual stimuli and information

Question 4

In what is the parietal lobe involved in?

Answer 4

(Somatosensory cortex) Processing of other tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, pain.

Question 5

In what is the temporal lobe involved in?

Answer 5

(Auditory cortex) Interpretation of the sounds and language we hear

Question 6

What is overconfidence in psychology?

Answer 6

We overestimate our performance, our rate or work, our skills, and our degree of self-control

Question 7

What is the real name of the “I knew-it-all along” phenomenon?

Answer 7

Hindsight Bias

Question 8

How is call the phenomena where given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns.

Answer 8

Order in Random Events

Question 9

Name five characteristics of quality scientific research

Answer 9

1) Objective, valid and reliable measurements
2) Generalizable
3) Use of techniques that reduce bias
4) Made public
5) Can be replicated

Question 10

Give the definition of valid, reliable, generalizable and replicable

Answer 10

Valid: it tests what it intended to test
Reliable: It’s consistent and stable
Generalizable: Applies to the population
Replicable: One should be able to reproduce it and find similar results

Question 11

Does this definition correspond to a theory or an hypothesis: well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
?

Answer 11

Theory

Question 12

Does this definition correspond to a theory or an hypothesis: a testable (falsifiable) prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct?

Answer 12

Hypothesis

Question 13

What does falsifiable mean

Answer 13

open to be shown wrong (or right)

Question 14

What are Operational Definitions of Conceptual Variables that Have Been Used in Psychological Research?

Answer 14

It is a variable (number) to measure an intangible concept

Question 15

Name to operational definitions with the conceptual variable of Depression

Answer 15

Number of negative words used in a creative story

Number of appointments made with a psychotherapist

Question 16

What is the order of The Research Process?

Answer 16

1) Formulate a hypothesis
2) Design the study
3) Collect the data
4) Analyze data
5) Report the findings

Question 17

From which research design is this goal associated to: To create a snapshot of the current state of affairs?

Answer 17

Descriptive design

Question 18

From which research design is this goal associated to:To assess the relationships between and among two or more variables?

Answer 18

Correlational

Question 19

From which research design is this goal associated to: To assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable

Answer 19

Experimental

Question 20

Name 4 variable measurements

Answer 20

1) Direct observation
2) Behavioural and biological measures
3) Interviews and questionnaires
4) Examining records and publications

Question 21

Name the research design associated with this question: What is going on?

Answer 21

Case study (an individual)

Question 22

Name the research design associated with this question: Has there been a change?

Answer 22

Longitudinal

Question 23

Name the research design associated with this question: Is Group A different from Group B?

Answer 23

Comparison: also called cross-sectional studies

Question 24

What is the question associated with the research design longitudinal comparison?

Answer 24

Has there been a difference between Group A and Group B over time?

Question 25

Name the research design associated with this question: Why are groups A and B different?

Answer 25

Experiment: Manipulate the variables

Question 26

Name the 5 types of data collection and describe them

Answer 26

1) Naturalistic Observation: Sitting and watching the behaviour.
2) In-depth interviewing: Either let the conversation flow or don’t deviate at all and stick to the questions.
3) Surveys: A method of gathering information about many people’s thoughts or behaviours through self-report rather than observation.
4) Focus group: Draw themes, group (round table of discussion)
5) Textual materials: reports, papers, articles that already exist.

Question 27

What is the wording effect?

Answer 27

The results you get from a survey can be changed by your word selection.

Question 28

The correlation coefficient Indicates strength

of relationship. Give its measure.

Answer 28

Low correlation : 0 to 0.35
Medium correlation: 0.35 to 0.7
High correlation: 0.7 to 1

Question 29

Explain what is the direction of a correlation

Answer 29

The direction of the correlation can be positive (direct relationship; both variables increase together) or negative (inverse relationship; as one increases, the other decreases)

Question 30

Name two issues with correlations

Answer 30

1) Confounding variables
2) Illusory correlations
(Correlation is not Causation!!)

Question 31

Explain what is a random sampling

Answer 31

A technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in your sample

Question 32

Describe the Placebo effect ?

Answer 32

A placebo is anything that seems to be a “real” medical treatment – but isn’t. It could be a pill, a shot, or some other type of “fake” treatment

Question 33

Name 5 techniques that reduces bias?

Answer 33

Anonymity
Confidentiality
Inform participants
Single-blind study
Double-blind study

Question 34

What are the researches ethics ?

Answer 34

Informed consent
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Deception and debriefing
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Right to withdraw
Protection of participants

Question 35

What is the role of peer-reviews?

Answer 35

They can judge to see If it is ethical, test the methodology, test the results.