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PSYC 456 ~ Neuroanatomy > Chap. 2 Week 2-3 > Flashcards

Chap. 2 Week 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we learn about neuroanatomy? (5)

A

Assess behaviour
Studying the effects of brain damage
Perturbation of neural function
Assessing brain structure
Assessing brain function

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2
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of one another.

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3
Q

What are examples of perturbing neural function?

A

DBS (invasive) - drill hole in skull, place electrode, stimulate with shock to induce firing of neurons.

CONS:
1. too invasive to use on a large portion of the brain
2. Different frequencies and amplitudes are needed for each patient

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4
Q

What are all of the perturbing of neural function examples?

A

DBS
TMS
tDSC
tACS

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5
Q

What is a TMS?

A

Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation
- magnetic coils induce electrical current over brain surface
Used to knock out or interfere with function

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6
Q

What is tDCS? Invasive or non invasive?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation. Non invasive
Uses a low, constant current via electrodes placed on the scalp.
Anode = excitable
Cathode = less likely to fire
PRO : can selectively excite or inhibit targeted neural areas depending on the polarity of the current.
CON: poor spatial resolution & effects are short lived (1 hour)

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7
Q

What is tACS? Invasive or non invasive? What are the pros and cons?

A

Transcranial alternating current stimulation.
Electrical currents oscillate to stimulate the brain. Oscillations at specific frequencies evidenced to be linked to cognitive processes.

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8
Q

How do we study brain structure?

A

Golgi stain - stains neurons, dendrites and axons sometimes
Nissl stain- cell bodies only
Myelin- axons

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9
Q

What is retrograde degeneration?

A

Degeneration of nerve cell between damage and cell body (back to the cell body)

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10
Q

What is anterograde/ wallerian degeneration?

A

Degeneration of nerve cell between the damage and end process (away)

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11
Q

What is an example of brain connectivity?

A

Cerebellum is known to be involved in non-motor task such as language and memory which are involved in the frontal cortex. Therefore, the CB has anatomical connections with the frontal lobe.

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12
Q

What is a CT?

A

Computerized tomography. Uses x-rays to get a 3D image of the brain.
Good for the visualization of large lesions that include cell loss (stroke), increases in fluid (hemorhage) or changes in density (tumour)

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13
Q

MRI. How does it work?

A

Uses a strong magnetic field 1.5 Tesla to image the brain. Magnet aligns the protons in the same direction.

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14
Q

What is registration?

A

The average of all brain images into 1.

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15
Q

What are the types of sMRI used?

A

T1w imaging —> most used for gross anatomical structure
AND
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) —> to look at anatomical connectivity

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16
Q

Why is it important to understand WM structure to understand brain function and cognition?

A

Because more or less myelin relates to different speed of function.
AKA local differences in axons is important for signal transmission

17
Q

How is dMRI measured?

A

Measures the movement of water molecules parallel to the fiber direction. —> MRI can measure this movement (diffusion coefficient) in different directions

18
Q

How are neuroanatomy and dMRI connected?

A

dMRI provides an index of WM.
Fractional anisotropy—> directionality of diffusion—> value of 0 meaning there is isotropic diffusion (unrestricted in all areas) or 1.

19
Q

What is an EcoG?

A

Electrocorticography
Electrode net applied to cortical surface

20
Q

FMRI is dependent on…?

A

The hemodynamic signal

Measures CHANGES/DIFFERENCES but we do not know the specific mechanism

21
Q

Explain connectivity mapping

A

Regions = nodes
Connections = edges —> the strength of connection between nodes

22
Q

How do we measure connectivity mapping for structural?

A

DMRI WM connectivity
SMRI “structural covariance” analyses

23
Q

How do we measure connectivity mapping for functional?

A

FMRI
EEG
MEG
—- Nodes, correlation (r) between as edges
BOLD

24
Q

What is specific about HS, HG, and STG?

A

The more you move away from this area, the less sensitive you are to frequency but more specific for words.

PSYC 456 ~ Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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