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Rad Bio > Chap 29 Human Bio > Flashcards

Chap 29 Human Bio Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Radiation damage
    A) can only be observed in human
    B) can be repaired at each stage in the damage sequence
A

B

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2
Q

All are stochastic effects of radiation exposure except:

A. Genetic damage
B. Bone cancer
C. Hematologic depression
D. Leukemia

A

C

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3
Q 
Which is an effect of fetal radiation exposure?
A.  Genetically significant dose
B.  CNS syndrome
C.  Local tissue damage
D.  Prenatal death
A

D

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4
Q 
Which of the following is the first step in producing a radiation response ?
A.  Removal and isolation of a lesion
B.  Molecular alteration
C.  Latent effect
D.  Ionization 
E.  Manifestation of a lesion
A

D

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5
Q 
A radiation effect that increases in severity with an increase in dose is called a:
A.  Late effect
B.  Delayed effect
C.  Stochastic effect
D.  DNA
E.  Deterministic effect
A

E

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6
Q

An ionization event occurs:
A. After telophase
B. When an electron moves to an outer-orbital shell
C. When an atom loses an electron potentially resulting in the breaking of a chemical bond
D. At all phases of the cell cycle
E. While a ribosome is eating a lysosome

A

C

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7
Q 
ALARA stands for
A.  As Long as Resting Allows
B.  None of the above
C.  As Low as Reasonably Achievable 
D.  As Long as Rooms are Available
E.  As Low as Responsibly Achievable
A

C

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8
Q

There are two main categories that we use to describe radiation damage; what are these categories called ?
A. Stochastic effect / Deterministic effect
B. Mitosis effect / Meiosis effect
C. Close effect / Far-away effect
D. Late effect / Early effect
E. Low dose effect / High-dose effect

A

A

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9
Q 
The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue is:
A.  Deterministic effects
B.  Radiobiology 
C.  Doubling dose
D.  Stochastic effects
A

B

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10
Q 
Which are deterministic effects of radiation exposure?
(1) GI syndrome
(2) Cytogenetic damage
(3) Shortening of life span
A.  1 and 2 only 
B.  2 and 3 only
C.  1 and 3 only
D.  1, 2, and 3
A

A

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11
Q 
Proteins that are produced by the body in response to the presence of foreign antigens, such as bacteria and viruses, are called:
A.  Antibodies 
B.  Enzymes
C.  Glycogen
D.  Hormones
A

A

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12
Q 
Which cellular component functions primarily to produce protein?
A.  Nucleus
B.  Lysosomes
C.  Mitochondria
D.  Ribosomes
A

D

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13
Q 
The majority of the atoms that make up the human body are:
A.  Carbon
B.  Water
C.  Oxygen
D.  Hydrogen
A

D

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14
Q 
Which molecule is most abundant in the body ?
A.  Lipid
B.  Water 
C.  Nucleic acid
D.  Protein
E.  Carbohydrate
A

B

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15
Q 
A codon is a \_\_\_\_\_.
A.  protein molecule
B.  cell organelle
C.  genetic message 
D.  somatic cell
A

C

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16
Q 
Which is defined as a human polysaccharide?
A.  Antibody
B.  Glycogen 
C.  Hormone
D.  Enzyme
A

B

17
Q 
Cells are divided into two main components, which are the:
A.  Cytoplasm and nucleolus
B.  Nucleus and cytoplasm 
C.  Nucleus and nucleolus
D.  Cytoplasm and organelles
A

B

18
Q 
Which of the following make(s) up the bulk of the cell and contain(s) all of the molecular components in great quantity ?
A.  Cytoplasm 
B.  Cellular inclusions
C.  Endoplasmic reticulum
D.  Nucleus
E.  Membranes
F.  Ectoplasm
A

A

19
Q

The chief function of carbohydrates in the body is to:
A. Provide structure and support
B. Assist in maintaining body temperature
C. Provide a defense mechanism against infection and disease
D. Provide fuel for cell metabolism
E. Exercise regulatory control over functions such as growth and metabolic rate

A

D

20
Q 
A reproductive cell is termed a(n):
A.  Germ cell 
B.  Organic molecule
C.  Somatic cell
D.  Inorganic molecule
A

A

21
Q 
Small, pea-sized sacs that contain enzymes used to digest intracellular contaminates are called:
A.  Hormones
B.  Ribosomes
C.  Mitochondria
D.  Lysosomes
A

D

22
Q 
Which of the following is the nitrogenous organic base found in RNA but not in DNA ?
A.  Guanine
B.  Adenine
C.  Uracil 
D.  Cytosine
E.  Thymine
A

C

23
Q

Watson and Crick:
A. Discovered x-ray crystallography
B. Described the molecular structure of DNA in 1953
C. Accurately described a living cell in 1673 on the basis of microscopic observations
D. First named the cell in 1665
E. Showed conclusively that all plants and animals contain cells as their basic functional units

A

B

24
Q 
A molecule that is life supporting and contains carbon defines:
A.  Organic molecule 
B.  Cytoplasm
C.  Cell theory
D.  Enzyme
A

A

25
Q 
Molecules that are needed in small quantities to allow biochemical reactions to continue, even though these molecules do not directly enter into the reaction, are called:
A.  Enzymes 
B.  Glycogen
C.  Hormones
D.  Antibodies
A

A

26
Q 
During which of the following subphases of meiosis does each chromosome split at the centromere, so that two chromatids are connected by a fiber to the poles of the nucleus ?
A.  Metaphase
B.  Anaphase 
C.  Prophase
D.  Telophase
E.  None of the above
A

B

27
Q 
When a radiation dose is sufficient to cause death before a cell replicates, it is termed:
A.  Mitotic delay
B.  Sublethal dose
C.  Meiosis death
D.  Interphase death
A

D

28
Q 
That dose of radiation that is expected to double the number of genetic mutations in a generation defines:
A.  Deterministic dose
B.  Stochastic dose
C.  Genetically significant dose
D.  Doubling dose
A

D

29
Q 
When an irradiated cell dies before the next mitosis, this is called:
A.  Interphase death 
B.  Cytogenetic death
C.  Mitotic death
D.  Clonal death
E.  Metaphase death
A

A

30
Q 
Which of the following is a measure of the estimated annual gonadal radiation received by the population gene pool.
A.  Genetically Significant Dose 
B.  Effective Dose
C.  Whole Body Dose
D.  Doubling dose
A

A

31
Q 
Which tissue types makes up about 3 percent of the body?
A.  Bone
B.  Skin 
C.  Muscle
D.  Fat
A

B

32
Q

Crossing over”:
A. Is the phase of the cell cycle during which the nucleus swells and the DNA becomes more prominent and begins to take structural form
B. Is a process that occurs during meiosis, resulting in a change in genetic constitution and inheritable traits
C. Is the final phase of mitosis
D. Is the period of cell growth between divisions
E. Is characterized by the disappearance of structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA

A

B

33
Q 
At which point in the cell's life is it the least radiosensitive?
A.  Growth 1
B.  Metaphase
C.  Early Synthesis
D.  Growth 2
E.  Late Synthesis 
F.  Anaphase
A

E

34
Q

Homeostasis refers to what property of the body ?
A. Atomic composition
B. Resistance to radiation
C. Molecular composition
D. Water content
E. Constancy of the internal environment

A

E

35
Q 
Which is the most radiosensitive?
A.  Nerve cell
B.  Muscle cell
C.  Lymphocyte 
D.  Osteoblast
A

C

36
Q

The body is organized in such a way that:
A. Differentiated cells are immature
B. Tissues and organs form an organ system
C. Epithelial cells are usually found inside organs
D. Mature cells are called stem cells
E. Organs combine to form tissues

A

B

37
Q 
At what phase in mitosis are the chromosomes most visible ?
A.  Prophase
B.  Interphase
C.  Metaphase 
D.  Telophase
E.  Anaphase
A

C

38
Q 
Which are subphases of mitosis?
(1) Telophase
(2) Interphase
(3) Metaphase
A.  1 and 2 only
B.  1, 2, and 3
C.  2 and 3 only
D.  1 and 3 only
A

D

39
Q

Meiosis:
A. Results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells that look precisely like the parent cell
B. Is the process of division and reduction that occurs in genetic cells
C. None of the above
D. Results in two cells with 46 chromosomes each
E. Is the process of division that occurs in somatic cells

A

B

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