Chap-3 Social Beliefs and judgments.

Question 1

system 1 and system 2 of brain and which one influence our actions more?

Answer 1

• System 1 functions automatically and out of our awareness (often called “intuition” or a “gut feeling”).
• System 2 requires our conscious attention and effort. The big lesson of recent research: System1 influences more of our actions than we realize.

Question 2

what is priming?

Answer 2

awakening or activating of certain associations.

Question 3

embodied cognition?

Answer 3

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.

Question 4

what are the two processing that our thinking is made of ?

Answer 4

Our thinking combines bothautomatic processing (impulsive, effortless, and without our awareness—System1) and controlled processing (reflective, deliberate, and conscious—System2).

Question 5

Schemas?

Answer 5

Schemas are mental concepts ortemplates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations of our experience.

Question 6

how the emotional information is processed in the brain?

Answer 6

eye or ear -> the brain’s sensory switchboard (the thalamus) -> emotional control centre (the amygdala) before the thinking cortex has had any chance to intervene

Question 7

blindsight?

Answer 7

Having lost a portion of the visual cortex to surgery or stroke, people may be functionally blind in part of their field of vision.

Question 8

subliminal stimuli?

Answer 8

kind of stimulus wherein it may be perceived and processed in the brain but does not elicit awareness of perception.

Question 9

subliminal priming?

Answer 9

subliminal priming is the increasing of a person’s sensitivity towards a certain targeted stimulus so that the stimulus has a higher effect in the person when they come in contact with it (Subliminal priming happens below the threshold of consciousness so that the person doesn’t detect it

Question 10

overconfidence phenomenon?

Answer 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

Question 11

intellectual conceit/ overprecision?

Answer 11

evident in judgments of past knowledge extended to the future planning.
“ I knew it all along” expression. Planning fallacy!

Question 12

confirmation bias?

Answer 12

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Question 13

contemplation curtails confirmation?

Answer 13

deep reflection or thoughtful consideration can limit or restrict the process of confirming or affirming certain ideas, beliefs, or assumptions. In other words, the act of pondering or contemplating a subject might introduce a level of skepticism or questioning that prevents a straightforward affirmation or validation of a particular concept.

Question 14

name the two techniques that reduced the overconfidence bias?

Answer 14

1. prompt feedback
2. get to think why one’s judgement might be wrong.

Question 15

heuristics?

Answer 15

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Question 16

representativeness heuristic?

Answer 16

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.

Question 17

availability heuristic?

Answer 17

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Question 18

probability neglect?

Answer 18

we worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities

Question 19

counterfactual thinking?

Answer 19

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t

Question 20

illusory correlation?

Answer 20

A perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Question 21

gamblers’ illusions?

Answer 21

Gamblers attribute wins to their skill and foresight. Losses become “near misses” or “flukes”—perhaps (for the sports gambler) a bad call by the referee or a freakish bounce of the ball

Question 22

regression toward the average?

Answer 22

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward the person’s average

Question 23

belief perseverance

Answer 23

dismissing the contradictory information to our biases

Question 24

misinformation effect?

Answer 24

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing an event and then receiving misleading information about it

Question 25

false vs compliant vs internalized confessions?

Answer 25

false confession: Misinformation-induced false memories
compliant confession: people who confessed when worn down and often sleep-deprived
internalized confessions: ones apparently believed after people were fed misinformation.

Question 26

rosy retrospection?

Answer 26

recalling mildly pleasant events more favourably than they experienced them.

Question 27

totalitarian egos?

Answer 27

we underreport bad behaviour and overreport good behaviour.

Question 28

misattribution?

Answer 28

Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong cause

Question 29

attribution theory?

Answer 29

The theory of how people explain the behaviour of others—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations

Question 30

dispositional attribution?

Answer 30

Attributing behaviour to the person’s disposition and traits

Question 31

situational attribution?

Answer 31

Attributing behaviour to the environment

Question 32

spontaneous trait inference?

Answer 32

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour

Question 33

Inferring traits?

Answer 33

infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions

Question 34

fundamental attribution error?

Answer 34

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behaviour; also called correspondence bias because we so often see behaviour as corresponding to a disposition

Question 35

self-fulfilling prophecies?

Answer 35

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment