chap 4

Question 1

passive diffusion

Answer 1

simple and facilitated diffusion; osmosis; no use atp

Question 2

What conditions does a bacteria’s cytosol normally stay? and why?

Answer 2

Hypertonic to maintain osmotic pressure and cell wall structure

Question 3

active transport

Answer 3

use atp and move against concentration gradient

Question 4

in bacteria what does the cytoplasm contain?

Answer 4

proteins, ion, water, sugars and lipids

Question 5

in bacteria what does the nucleoid contain?

Answer 5

it has haploids, of singular, circular, double banded dna

Question 6

what are plasmids?

Answer 6

little pockets outside nucleoid that have dna with nonessential expression; can replication autonomously

Question 7

how does protein synthesis work in bacteria?

Answer 7

in ribosomes, 30s+40s=70s

Question 8

what can antibiotics target?

Answer 8

protein synthesis in ribosomes

Question 9

metachromatic granules(voluntin)

Answer 9

stores inorganic phosphate

Question 10

polysaccharide granules

Answer 10

stores glycogen, starch

Question 11

lipid inclusions

Answer 11

store phb

Question 12

sulfur granules

Answer 12

come from oxidation of h2s

Question 12

lipid inclusions

Answer 12

phb

Question 13

Magnetosomes

Answer 13

move towards n/s pole bc magnetic pull
move down away from o2(anaerobic/microaerophilic)
made of magnetite

Question 14

chromatophores

Answer 14

folds in the membrane that contain things needed for photosynthesis
- photosynthetic pigments and enzymes

Question 15

carboxysomes

Answer 15

contain rubisco for co2 fixation
- found in photochemoautotrophsis

Question 16

gas vacuoles

Answer 16

stores o2, light, and nutrients for balance

Question 17

What type of bacteria form endospores

Answer 17

bacillus and coltridium

Question 18

what causes bacteria to form endospores

Answer 18

stress stimulants

Question 19

endospores characteristics

Answer 19

-has dipicolinic acid(help w water loss) and ca+ that protect DNA
- 20% water removed during formation
- resistant to heating, freezing, radiation, chemicals, desiccation
- can go back to vegetative form w germination

Question 20

endospore formation

Answer 20

1. spore isolate new dna
2. plasma membrane form around dna fr 1
   
   • compartmentilization
3. spore septum isolate new dna
   
   • double membrane
4. peptidoglycan forms around dna
5. spore coat forms
6. endospore is freed

Question 21

endosymbiont theory

Answer 21

idea eukaryotes come from prokaryotes
- nucleoplasm engulfed aerobic bacteria and later evolves into mitochondria
- chloroplast: descendent of ancient cyanobacteria

Question 22

nucleoplasm

Answer 22

ancestral eukaryote plasma membrane

Question 23

evidence for endosymbiont theory

Answer 23

mitochondria and chloroplast have:
- same size as bacteria
- circular DNA
- ribosome like bacteria
- can self duplicate
- affected by antibiotics that inhibit bacteria

Question 24

characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 24

- circular dna - nucleoid region - not complex/strong cytoskeleton - spilt through binary fission - no organelles - domain bacteria and archea

Question 25

characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 25

- multiple, linear dna - nucleus - complex cytoskeleton - divide through mitosis and meiosis - membrane-bound orgnaelles - cell walls have cellulose - domain eukareya

Question 26

glycocalyx

Answer 26

polysaccharide layer on outside of cell - in pathogens call for resistance to phagocytosis two types: capsule and slime layer - capsule; tight and more organized - slime layer ; looser

Question 27

flagella

Answer 27

for motility via rotary motion 3 parts: - filament, monomers of flagellin that wrap around hollow core - hook, attach filament to basal body - Basal body, attach flagella to membrane and cell wall

Question 28

What is the difference between runs and tumbles?

Answer 28

- runs are towards taxis and is constant - tumbles are random changes in direction towards a taxis(interrupts runs)

Question 29

frequency of runs and tumble meaning

Answer 29

- higher amount of runs means cell found taxis and is moving towards it - high tumble = cell looking for taxis; tumble direction will be random

Question 30

axial filaments

Answer 30

- only in spirochetes - protein fibers around pole of cell - make corkscrew motion

Question 31

fimbriae

Answer 31

- few on cells - mainly used for attachment to surfaces

Question 32

pilli

Answer 32

- longer than fimbriae - has sex pilus(where it attaches to other cells and insert DNA) - provide twitching and gliding motility

Question 33

what is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Answer 33

peptidoglycan; made up of repeating nam and nag connected with cross bridges

Question 34

gram-positive characteristics and make up

Answer 34

- thick peptidoglycan with teichoic acids - lipoteichoic acid - connect with plasma membrane - wall teichoic acid - like to peptidoglycan - teichoic acids - negative charge - stain purple

Question 35

gram-negative characteristics and make up

Answer 35

- inner and outer membrane - outer membrane is barrier for antibiotic and other things more than gram pos - lps - o polysaccharide - for identification - core polysaccharide - lipid a - releases endotoxin - thin layer peptidoglycan - periplasmic space - space btwn inner and outer membrane - stain red

Question 36

mycoplasma

Answer 36

smallest bacteria, no cell wall

Question 37

what is the cell wall of archaea made of?

Answer 37

pseudomurien

Question 38

mycobacteria

Answer 38

- have waxy lipid by mycolic acids - protection against host; basis for acid staining

Question 39

steps for simple stain

Answer 39

1. stain with iodine 2. wash w water 3. wash w ethenol 4. dye w red