Chap 4 Historical Origins and Evolution

Question 1

Archaeologists found an 1800 B. C. farm bulletin in _____ that told farmers how to sow their crops, how to irrigate, how to deal with field mice, and how to harvest their crops.

Answer 1

Iraq

Question 2

The word propaganda appeared in the _______ century, when the_______ set up its Congregatio de Propaganda Fide—“ Congregation for Propagating the Faith.”

Answer 2

seventeenth, Catholic Church

Question 3

When was the first public relations pamphlet publish, and what was its name?

Answer 3

1643, New England First Fruits

Question 4

What techniques did the revolutionaries bring to the origins of PR? (6)

Answer 4

1. The necessity of an organization to implement actions made possible by a public relations of Correspondence
2. The use of symbols
3. The use of slogans
4. Staged events that crystallize unstructured public opinion
5. The importance of getting your side of a story to the public first
6. The necessity for a sustained saturation campaign by using all possible channels

Question 5

What is an example of a slogan used by the revolutionaries?

Answer 5

“ Taxation without representation is tyranny”

Question 6

What is an example of a symbol used by the revolutionaries?

Answer 6

the Liberty Tree

Question 7

What is an example of a staged event used by the revolutionaries?

Answer 7

the Boston Tea Party

Question 8

What is an example of getting your message to the audience first used by the revolutionaries?

Answer 8

the Boston Massacre

Question 9

What people do American public relations origins come from?

Answer 9

Samuel Adams and the revolutionaries

Question 10

Who created “Common Sense”

Answer 10

Thomas Paine

Question 11

What is an example of revolutionaries “swaying early adopters”

Answer 11

Samuel Adams and “ The Committees of Correspondence”

Question 12

What is an example of revolutionaries “The White Paper”

Answer 12

Thomas Paine and “ Common Sense”

Question 13

What is an example of revolutionaries’ Product Launch Press Release

Answer 13

Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

Question 14

What written work is considered part of the first national political campaign?

Answer 14

The Federalist Papers

Question 15

Who wrote the federalist papers?

Answer 15

Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison

Question 16

Why did one historian claim Alexander Hamiliton was responsible for “history’s finest job in public relations”?

Answer 16

He gained national support for and acceptance of the Constitution.

Question 17

Early developments in public relations are directly tied to the power struggles evoked by ______ _______ _______.

Answer 17

political reform movements

Question 18

Who was president Jackson’s ghostwriter/publicist/counselor?

Answer 18

Amos Kendall

Question 19

Inventions where early public relations was used attempts to gain acceptance AND utilization of innovation.. (3)

Answer 19

The invention of telegraph, telephone and automobiles.

Question 20

Who created the myth of Davy Crockett and for what purpose?

Answer 20

Mathew St. Clair Clarke, press agent for Biddle and the US Bank, in an effort to defeat the election of president Jackson.

Question 21

“Today’s patterns of promotion and press agentry in the world of show business were drawn, cut, and stitched by ….”

Answer 21

Phineas Taylor Barnum

Question 22

Who directed the Burlington Railroad’s publicity campaign that was launched in 1858, to lure people westward?

Answer 22

Charles Russell Lowell

Question 23

This person aided Edison in the launch of a scare campaign against the Westinghouse alternating current system.

Answer 23

Samuel Insull

Question 24

World War I, President Woodrow Wilson created the “Committee on _____ ______.” George Creel headed a staff of young propagandists, some of who would later establish _____ ______ _____.

Answer 24

Public Information, public relations firms.

Question 25

During those early years, public relations took the form of ___-way persuasive communication designed to ____ _____— often referred to simply as “ propaganda.”

Answer 25

one, influence others, “propaganda.”

Question 26

4 Eras of Public relations (in order)

Answer 26

1) public be damned 2) public be informed 3) mutual understanding 4) mutual adjustment

Question 27

Which era introduced lessons of behavioral science to PR?

Answer 27

era of mutual understanding

Question 28

What era is defined by muckraking journalists countered by defensive and of far- reaching political reforms promoted by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson through the use of public relations.

Answer 28

Seedbed Era

Question 29

What period is defined by dramatic demonstrations of the organized promotion to kindle a fervent patriotism: to sell war bonds, enlist soldiers, and raise millions of dollars for welfare.

Answer 29

World War I Period

Question 30

What era is described as the era when the principles and practices of publicity learned in the war were put to use promoting products, earning acceptance for changes wrought by the war- accelerated technology, winning political battles, and raising millions of dollars for charitable causes.

Answer 30

Booming Twenties Era

Question 31

What era was dominated by FDR and is counselor Louis McHenry Howe with events profound and far reaching in their impact on the practice of public relations.

Answer 31

Roosevelt Era and World War II War II

Question 32

What is the era that brought widespread acceptance of public relations— strong professional associations, the beginnings of public relations education, and the emergence of television as a powerful communications medium.

Answer 32

Postwar Era

Question 33

In what period were there protests against environmental pollution, racial and gender discrimination, concentration of special interest wealth and power, the Vietnam War, governmental abuse of the public trust, and consequently, an increasing recognition of social responsibility and more responsive organizations.

Answer 33

Period of Protest and Empowerment

Question 34

What is the Age described by new technology impacting most aspects of life; multiplying communication channels— including social media; and a world economy that features global competition, interdependence, instanta-neous interaction, and terrorism.

Answer 34

Age of Digital Communication and Globalization

Question 35

Who worked with Theodore N. Vail in building the public relations program of American Telephone and Telegraph Company?

Answer 35

James Drummond Ellsworth

Question 36

Profoundly influenced the evolution of press agentry and publicity into public relations. Going against the prevailing feeling on Wall Street that “ the public be damned,” _____ _____ ______’s declaration made it clear that the public was no longer to be ignored, in the traditional manner of business, nor fooled, in the continuing manner of the press agent.

Answer 36

Ivy Ledbetter Lee

Question 37

Ivy Ledbetter Lee's "handouts" provided to press are the origin of what today?

Answer 37

press releases

Question 38

Who was the head of Woodrow Wilson's Committee on Public Information ( CPI)— often referred to as the “ Creel Committee.” and what was their job?

Answer 38

Wilson appointed George Creel chairman. The CPI was charged with mobilizing public opinion in support of the war effort and Wilson’s peace aims in a country in which opinion was divided when war was declared.

Question 39

Created Crystalizing Public Opinion and taught the first public relations course in NYC

Answer 39

Edward L. Bernays

Question 40

First black to be accredited by the PRSA and to serve as president of a PRSA chapter

Answer 40

Joseph Varney Baker

Question 41

Wife and husband, formed the first agency to specialize in political campaigns

Answer 41

Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker