CHAP 5

Question 1

contains 2 major components: nucleus & cytoplasm; both maintain the viability of entire organ

Answer 1

Cell Body

Question 2

consists of protein molecules & watery substance enclosed within the cell membrane; contains organelles

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

Efferent structures that transmit info away from the cell body to other neurons or target organs

Answer 3

Axon

Question 4

Afferent, transmitting info to the cell body from other cells via synaptic sites; short with many branches

Answer 4

Dendrite

Question 5

Endoplasmic structures in neuronal cell bodies that participate in protein synthesis

Answer 5

Nissl bodies

Question 6

Point of contact between two neurons where the neurotransmitter is released

Answer 6

Synapse

Question 7

Small scavenger glia cells that digest and remove cellular debris from the CNS

Answer 7

Microglia Cells

Question 8

Neuroglial cells that support nerve cells and contribute to blood-brain barrier

Answer 8

Astrocyte Cells

Question 9

Glia cells that produce the myelin sheath around the axons in the CNS

Answer 9

Oligondendroglia Cells

Question 10

glia cells that form myelin around the axons in the PNS

Answer 10

Schwann Cells

Question 11

layer of connective tissue that wraps around axons in the PNS

Answer 11

Endoneurium

Question 12

?

Answer 12

Perineurium

Question 13

?

Answer 13

Epineurium

Question 14

Electrical impulse representing a transient fluctuation in membrane potentials, which are propagated along axonal process to activate postsynaptic terminals

Answer 14

Action potentials

Question 15

changes in membrane potentials in which the cellular interior changes from negative (resting potential) to positive

Answer 15

Depolarization

Question 16

Electrical resting state of a cell characterized by the polarity of ions inside and outside the cell

Answer 16

Polarization

Question 17

increased internal negativity across a cell membrane causing changes in voltage

Answer 17

Hyperpolarization

Question 18

how nerve cells communicate; represent all neuronal activity; activate the release of a neurotransmitter in a presynaptic neuron

Answer 18

Nerve Impulse

Question 19

impulses that activate the postsynaptic cell to generate an action potential

Answer 19

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Question 20

impulses that inhibit the capacity of a postsynaptic cell to generate an action potential

Answer 20

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

Question 21

cellular changes marked by swelling, dissolution of cellular organelles (specifically Nissl bodies) and shifting of the nucleus from its central position to the periphery in response to unjury

Answer 21

Chromatolysis

Question 22

have 2 processes (dendrite & axon) one extending from each pole of the body; found in retina & inner ear

Answer 22

Bipolar Cell

Question 23

T-shape with one process extending from the body & dividing into an axon & dendrite away from the cell body; in spinal dorsal roots

Answer 23

Unipolar Cell

Question 24

neurons containing many dendrites and one axon; most cells in the CNS

Answer 24

Multipolar Cell

Question 25

subdivisons of the embryonic neural tube, each with a wall neuroectoderm and a cavity

Answer 25

Vesicles

Question 26

cellular state immediately following the action potential in which no other action potential can be initiated by the cell

Answer 26

Absolute refractive period

Question 27

constantly adjusts the distribution of sodium and potassium ions across the cellular membrane; transports sodium out of the cell & potassium into the cell

Answer 27

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 28

retrograde chromatolytic changes in the soma marked by disintegration of the granules of the Nissl bodies after damage to an axon

Answer 28

Axonal Reaction

Question 29

?

Answer 29

Axonal Sprouting

Question 30

have a long axon, ranging from inches to feet; many form sensory or motor tracts connecting cells across long distances

Answer 30

Golgi Type I Cells

Question 31

have short axonal process; such as interneurons that connect with other adjacent cells

Answer 31

Golgi Type II Cells

Question 32

the segment of myelin between 2 nodes

Answer 32

Internode

Question 33

path finders; contain sensory or motor inclination; navigate the directional axonal path by finding ways through the biological environment of enormous cellar density to connect with target neurons

Answer 33

Growth Cones

Question 34

The nerve cell is not generating action potential

Answer 34

Resting Potential

Question 35

organelle of the cellular cytoplasm enzymes providing the principle energy source for the cell

Answer 35

Mitochondria

Question 36

neurons that are not connected, weakly connected, or have redundant connections die for cortical maturation to occur

Answer 36

Neural Pruning

Question 37

Structural changes in a distal portion of an axon after it is sectioned and disconnected from the cell body as a result of an injury

Answer 37

Wallerian Degeneration

Question 38

Neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons and widely disturbed in body tissues; primarily regulates some brain activity and most of the muscular activity of the PNS

Answer 38

Acetylcholine

Question 39

Enzyme that breaks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, contributing to the termination of the postsynaptic current and signal; much of the choline released is recaptured by the presynaptic terminal

Answer 39

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 40

one of the inhibitory nerotransmitters secreted by neurons in the brainstem; increased & decreased secretion is associated with schizophrenia & Parkinsonism

Answer 40

Dopamine

Question 41

major inhibitory neurotransmitter for the CNS; small molecule neurotransmitter; a monoamine that derives from amino acids

Answer 41

Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 42

one of primary neurotransmitters in the PNS; released by the postganglionic sympathetic neurons; responsible for flight or flight reaction

Answer 42

norepinephrine

Question 43

important neurotransmitter of CNS; most of it found in blood platelets & gastrointestinal tract

Answer 43

Serotonin