Chap 5&6 - old public health, biomedical model, ottowa charter

Question 1

3 ways Australia’s health status has changed since 1900

Answer 1

Increase in life expectancy

decrease in infant/child mortality

decrease in mortality from infectious diseases

Question 2

What is old public health?

Answer 2

government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease

Question 3

3 common infectious diseases from the early 1900’s

Answer 3

diarrhoea (contaminated food+water)

cholera (contaminated food+water)

tuberculosis (contagious)

Question 4

What are the 7 old public health initiatives?

Answer 4

improved access to clean drinking water
improved sanitation and better sewage disposal
improved working conditions
improved food and nutrition
improved housing quality
quarantine laws
intro to mass immunisation programs

Question 5

What is the biomedical approach to health?

Answer 5

focuses on physical/biological aspects of disease+illness - medical model practised by doctors and health professionals associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

Question 6

3 examples of the biomedical approach to health

Answer 6

Medications (antibiotics, chemotherapy, antihypertensives)

Medical technology used to DIAGNOSE health conditions (blood tests, x-rays, MRI)

Medical technology used to TREAT health conditions (radiation therapy, nebulisers, defibrillators)

Question 7

2 strengths of the biomedical approach to health

Answer 7

increases life expectancy, as many illness and diseases that were once fatal can now be effectively treated, reducing premature death.

This approach leads to more years being spent in good health, increasing health-adjusted life expectancy, as many chronic conditions can be effectively managed with medications.

Question 8

2 limitations of the biomedical approach to health

Answer 8

cannot treat/cure all health conditions, should not be relied upon to restore people to pre-illness state when they are unwell

The medical technology and health professionals can be expensive to develop+train, approach is costly to governments and organisations.

Question 9

What is the social model of health?

Answer 9

focused on preventing health conditions by directing efforts towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments.

Question 10

1 strength of the social model of health

1 limitation of the social model of health

Answer 10

promoting healthy behaviours can promote good h+w and prevent many diseases/illnesses from developing.

Not all health conditions can be prevented (genetic conditions), therefore this approach alone cannot always improve health outcomes.

Question 11

What is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

2 points

Answer 11

approach to health developed by the World Health Organization, aims to reduce inequalities in health.

reflects social model of health and provides 5 action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes.

Question 12

What are the 5 Ottawa Charter action areas?

Answer 12

build healthy public policy

create supportive environments

strengthen community actions

develop personal skills

reorient health services

Question 13

What is build healthy public policy?

example?

Answer 13

Laws+policies made by governments+organisations that seek to make healthier choices and behaviours easier.

increase tax on alcohol, makes more expensive, discourages purchase.

Question 14

What is create supportive environments?

example?

Answer 14

Developing physical and sociocultural environments that promote h+w and provide people with options to engage in healthy behaviours.

shaded areas in school, students avoid UV exposure

Question 15

What is strengthen community actions?

Answer 15

Providing the opportunity for individuals to work together with their community to achieve a common goal.

local councils provide free workshops abt harms of drugs to reduce illicit drug use.

Question 16

What is develop personal skills?

example?

Answer 16

Providing opportunity for development of knowledge and skills that will contribute to improved health outcomes.

Sunsmart program

Question 17

What is reorient health services?

example?

Answer 17

Altering health system+services so they focus more on promoting h+w and preventing health conditions, rather than just diagnosing and treating them.

GP’s educating patients on importance of healthy eating to reduce blood pressure, rather than only prescribing meds.

Question 18

What is population health?

Answer 18

The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

Question 19

What is health promotion?

Answer 19

process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Question 20

5 Health promotion campaigns

Answer 20

quit campaigns (smoking+vaping)

the Good Sports program (alcohol misuse)

Victorian Road Safety Strategy

SunSmart (skin cancer)

LiveLighter (o+o)

Question 21

What is the quit campaign?

How does it relate to the Ottawa Charter? (2 action areas)

Answer 21

aims to reduce smoking+vaping by helping individuals with services+support to quit and stay quit, also prevents new uptake.

Builds healthy public policy: Quit works with governments to help shape legislation+policies regarding smoking

Developing personal skills: educates public via media campaigns on harms of smoking+vaping

Question 22

What is SunSmart?

How does it relate to the Ottawa Charter? (2 action areas)

Answer 22

Funded by Cancer Council Victoria, supports Victorians to prevent skin cancer and detect it sooner to save lives.

build healthy public policy: provides policies that can be implemented in schools and workplaces to keep ppl safe from prolonged UV exposure.

strengthen community action: works with community organisations (childcare centres) to assist them to implement sun protection measures keeping ppl safe from prolonged UV exposure.

Question 23

What is the the Good Sports program (alcohol misuse)?

Answer 23

supports sports clubs by providing free resources and guidance to reduce alcohol and drug-related harm - through education, promoting positive role models and raising awareness around mental health.

Question 24

What is social justice?

Answer 24

fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges in society.

Question 25

What are the 4 principles of social justice? (define them)

Answer 25

Human rights - freedoms every person is entitled to access - everyone has access to equal opportunities+resources participation - everyone encouraged to participate in community Equity - providing what disadvantaged ppl/groups need to achieve same level of h+w as others

Question 26

What is deadly choices?

Answer 26

initiative encourages Aboriginal and TStI Peoples to make good choices each day, with a special focus on youth. emphasises vital aspects of identity, healthy relos, nutrition, ect.

Question 27

How does deadly choices relate to the Ottawa Charter? (2 action areas)

Answer 27

Build healthy public policy: partnered with federal goc to expand program across Aus, more First Nations ppl can access health assessment at least once a year Develop personal skills: programs (Healthy Lifestyle Program) educates youth on topics like nutrition+benefits of physical activity

Question 28

What is 2Spirits? What services do they provide? 3 examples

Answer 28

program aims to improve sexual health of Aboriginal+TSI Peoples who identify as LGBQTI+SB printed resources/campaigns, peer education workshops, community forums

Question 29

How does 2Spirits relate to the Ottawa Charter? (2 action areas)

Answer 29

create supportive environments: peer education provides safe network for all ages to promote access to h+w education, resources and support. strengthen community action: community forums promote community awareness of h+W, sexuality, and acceptance

Question 30

6 features to consider when evaluating Aboriginal+TSI initiative?

Answer 30

is it culturally appropriate? does it reflect action areas of Ottawa Charter has it led to improvements in h+w is it addressing a significant health issue for aboriginal+tsi ppl? can ppl access/take part in initiative? is it sustainable?

Question 31

What are the 5 Australian Dietary Guidelines?

Answer 31

1) to achieve+maintain healthy weight, be physically active+choose amounts of nutritious food/drink to meet ur energy needs 2) enjoy variety of nutritious foods from the 5 groups every day (and drink water) 3) limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, sugar, and alcohol 4) encourage, support, promote breastfeeding 5) prepare+store food safely

Question 32

2 strengths of the Australian Dietary Guidelines

Answer 32

following guidelines can reduce likelihood of experiencing diet-related health conditions (type 2 diabetes) guidelines+supporting info are freely available online, making it accessible to wide range of ppl

Question 33

2 limitations of the Australian Dietary Guidelines

Answer 33

do not cater for wide range of cultural eating patterns, may make them difficult to follow difficult+time consuming to calculate number of servings+sizes required to follow guidelines

Question 34

What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating? 2 points

Answer 34

visual food selection tool designed to complement the Australian Dietary Guidelines. helps consumers plan, select and consume appropriate proportions of foods from the five food groups.

Question 35

What is the Aboriginal+TSI Guide to Healthy Eating

Answer 35

Version of Australian Guide to Healthy Eating adapted to be culturally relevant for Aboriginal+TSI Ppls

Question 36

What are personal factors?

Answer 36

individual characteristics that are impacted by other factors, which vary from person to person, and influence food intake

Question 37

2 personal factors influencing nutritional change

Answer 37

willpower+taste preferences - most ppl prefer foods high in fat, salt, and sugar, these cravings make dietary change challenging attitudes+beliefs: may include ignoring negative effects of unhealthy food or restricting certain foods (underconsumption)

Question 38

What are sociocultural factors?

Answer 38

social+cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

Question 39

2 sociocultural factors influencing nutritional change

Answer 39

commercial factors: additives added to food to preserve shelf life, consumers may not be aware of this. Healthy food may be expensive Employment status: more time working=less time preparing food, meals are less nutritious

Question 40

What are environmental factors?

Answer 40

physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

Question 41

2 environmental factors influencing nutritional change

Answer 41

Geographic locations: ppl outside major cities may have limited food options Housing: lack of facilities (oven, fridge) impacts manner ppl store+cook food, limits options

Question 42

What is medicare?

Answer 42

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme, whereby the federal government pays for some/all costs of necessary healthcare

Question 43

Medicare funding, sustainability, access, and equity

Answer 43

funding - fee-free treatment in public hosptials sustainability - subsiding cost of essential healthcare services keeps cost of operating medicare sustainable over long term Access - provides access to health services to all Australians Equity - safety net keeps out-of-pocket costs low

Question 44

What is the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)?

Answer 44

federal government scheme where the cost of essential medicines are subsidised to make them more affordable for Australians.

Question 45

PBS funding, sustainability, access, and equity

Answer 45

funding - funds essential meds for all Australians sustainability - not all meds are subsidised, keeping cost of operating PBS sustainable over long term access - provides access to subsidised meds for all Australians equity - safety net keeps cost low for ppl who incur significant costs when accessing PBS meds

Question 46

What is the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)?

Answer 46

provides funding to eligible people with disability to gain more time with family+friends, greater independence, access to new skills/jobs, and an improved quality of life.

Question 47

NDIS funding, sustainability, access, and equity

Answer 47

funding - provides participants funding to achieve their goals (equipment/carers) sustainability - participants only receive funds required to achieve their goals, keeps cost of operating NDIS sustainable access - available in all regions of aus, including those living outside major cities equity - more support provided to those who need it via the individualised plan

Question 48

What is private health insurance?

Answer 48

Where members pay a premium/fee to receive additional support to cover the cost of health services not covered by Medicare

Question 49

private health insurance funding, sustainability, access, and equity

Answer 49

funding - funds most/all costs for private hospital treatment+extras (dental+physio) sustainability - gov-based incentives keep ppl taking out priv health insurance, provides ongoing funding to keep priv health system sustainable access - PHI rebate provided by gov makes PHI accessible to number of Aus's by reducing cost of premiums equity - more financial support provided to access PHI for those on lower income via PHI rebate