Chap. 5

Question 1

There are four types of macromolecules that make up everything that is living

Answer 1

• Amino Acid
• Nucleic acids
• proteins
• Lipids

Question 2

Amino Acid

Answer 2

Building blocks of proteins (there are 20 kinds of amino acid)

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

• Starches and sugar (energy storage)
• Single carbohydrate molecule
• Made of carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• energy is stored in carbon bonds

Question 4

Lipids

Answer 4

Help store energy (mostly consists of hydrocarbon)
- fats
- Phospholipids
- steroids
- Long carbon chains
- Long term energy storage 
2 types (saturated and unsaturated)

Question 5

Nucleotides

Answer 5

• Store genetic information

- two types (DNA and RNA)

Question 6

Genetic code is composed of 4 letters

Answer 6

• Adenine
• Thyme
• Cytosine
• Guanine

Question 7

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are

Answer 7

polynomers

Question 8

What is the sub-unit of polysaccharide?

Answer 8

sugar

Question 9

What is the sub-unit of protein?

Answer 9

Amino acid

Question 10

nucleotide

Answer 10

Nucleic acid

Question 11

Hydrolysis

Answer 11

Two monomers bond together bond together through the loss of water molecule

Question 12

Dehydration

Answer 12

addition on a water molecule separates a polynomer (oppositite process of hydrolysis)

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

sugar (provide calories and energy)

Question 14

monosaccharides

Answer 14

simple sugars (CH2O)

Question 15

most common monosaccharide

Answer 15

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 16

Polysaccharides

Answer 16

the polymers of sugars

Question 17

Starch

Answer 17

stored in plants (rice, pasta, potatoe)

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

A major component of the tough wall of plants

Question 19

Glycogen

Answer 19

A form of energy storage in the body (get stored in themuscles and liver)

Question 20

Hydrolysis

Answer 20

Breaking molecules apart by reaction with water

Question 21

Chitin

Answer 21

it is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

Question 22

saturated fatty acids

Answer 22

• a lot of H atoms

- no double bonds

Question 23

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 23

one or more double bounds

Question 24

Plant fats and fish fats are usually

Answer 24

unsaturated

Question 25

Hydrogenation

Answer 25

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 26

Phospholipids

Answer 26

two fatty acids

Question 27

fatty acid tails are

Answer 27

hydrophobic

Question 28

the head of a phospholipid is

Answer 28

hydrophilic

Question 29

Steroids

Answer 29

- are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings - Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes

Question 30

Other protein functions include

Answer 30

defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support

Question 31

Polypeptides

Answer 31

- help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together - unbranched polymers built from the 20 kinds of amino acids

Question 32

Enzymes

Answer 32

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions. Enzymes speed reaction 10 billion times faster than they would spontaneously occur

Question 33

Enzymatic proteins

Answer 33

Selective acceleration ofchemical reactions

Question 34

Defensive proteins

Answer 34

Protection against disease

Question 35

Storage proteins

Answer 35

Storage of amino acids

Question 36

Transport proteins

Answer 36

transport of substances

Question 37

Hormonal proteins

Answer 37

Coordination of an organism’s activities

Question 38

Receptor proteins

Answer 38

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Question 39

Contractile and motor proteins

Answer 39

Movement

Question 40

Structural proteins

Answer 40

Support

Question 41

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called

Answer 41

peptide bonds

Question 42

Four Levels of Protein Structure

Answer 42

``` primary structure - order of letters in a long word - determined by inherited genetic information Secondary structure(found in most proteins) - α helix and a folded structure called a β pleated sheet Tertiary structure - determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups) Quaternary structure - when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule (when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains)-Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting offour polypeptides: two α and two β subunits ```

Question 43

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 43

inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Question 44

Nucleic acids are polymers called

Answer 44

polynucleotides

Question 45

In RNA, thymine is replaced by

Answer 45

uracil (U), so A and U pair

Question 46

While DNA always exists as a double helix, RNA molecules are

Answer 46

more variable in form