chap 6-14 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
approximately 7 to 11 years
A
Concrete-Operational Period
2
Q
assert their own perspectives on the world, children realize that theirs is not the only view
A
Egocentrism
3
Q
which are actions that can be performed on objects or ideas and that consistently yield a result
A
mental operations
4
Q
age 11 into adulthood
apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; they are able
to think hypothetically and reason abstractly
A
Formal-Operational Period
5
Q
Drawing conclusions from facts;
characteristic of formal-operational thought
A
deductive reasoning
6
Q
type of memory where a relatively small number of thoughts and ideas can be stored briefly
A
working memory
7
Q
a permanent storehouse of knowledge that has unlimited capacity
A
long-term memory
8
Q
a strategy of repetitively naming information that is to be remembered
A
Rehearsal
9
Q
structuring information to be remembered so that related information is placed
together
A
Organization
10
Q
embellishing information to be
remembered to make it more memorable
A
Elaboration
11
Q
such as making notes and writing down information on calendars so they won’t forget future events
A
external aids
12
Q
After children choose a memory strategy, they need to monitor its effectiveness. That is, they need to
decide if the strategy is working. If it’s not, they need to begin anew, reanalyzing the memory task to
select a better approach.
A
Metacognition
13
Q
refers to a child’s intuitive understanding of memory or person’s informal
understanding of memory;
A
Metamemory
14
Q
a person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes
grows rapidly during the elementary-school years: Children come to know much about perception, attention, intentions, knowledge, and thinking.
understanding of the connections among goals, strategies, monitoring, and
outcomes.
A
Metacognitive Knowledge
15
Q
skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring
accurately—is a characteristic of successful students.
A
Cognitive self-regulation
16
Q
e psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological characteristics such
as intelligence and personality.
A
Psychometricians
17
Q
proposed
the hierarchical theory with three
levels
A
John Carroll
18
Q
These new theories present a much broader theory of intelligence and how it develops. Rather
than using test scores as the basis for his theory, ____draws on research in child development, studies
of brain-damaged persons, and studies of exceptionally talented people.
A
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
19
Q
individuals with limited mental skills who are
extremely talented in one domain
A
savants
20
Q
the ability to use one’s
own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily.
A
emotional intelligence
21
Q
defined as using one’s abilities skillfully to achieve one’s personal goals
A
“intelligence”
22
Q
involves analyzing problems and generating different solutions
A
Analytic Ability
23
Q
involves dealing adaptively with novel situations and problems
A
Creative ability
24
Q
involves knowing what solution or plan will actually work
A
Practical ability
25
o formulate a way of recognizing children who would be
| unable to learn in school without special instruction
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
26
referred to the difficulty of the problems they could solve correctly
distinguish “bright” from “dull” children
mental age
27
had been joined by many other intelligence tests. Educators
greeted these new devices enthusiastically because they seemed to offer an efficient and objective way to
assess a student’s chances of succeeding in school
The Stanford-Binet
28
f Stanford University, revised Binet and Simon’s test substantially and published
a version known as the Stanford-Binet in 1916
Lewis Terman
29
was simply the ratio of mental age to chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100: IQ = MA/CA
× 100
intelligence quotient
30
defined by scores on intelligence tests: a score of 130 or greater was
the criterion for being gifted.
include exceptional
talent in an assortment of areas, such as art, music, creative writing, and dance
giftedness
31
which means using the information
| provided to determine a standard, correct answer
convergent thinking
32
which the aim is not a single correct answer (often there isn’t one) but instead to think in
novel and unusual directions
divergent
| thinking
33
substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an
environment that emerge before the age of 18
Mental Retardation
34
usually evaluated from interviews with a parent or other caregiver and refers
to those daily living skills needed to live, work, and play in the community, such as caring for
oneself and social skills.
Adaptive behavior
35
mental retardation that can be traced to a specific biological or
physical problem
Organic Mental Retardation
36
most common organic form of mental retardation. Other
| forms of organic mental retardation can be linked to prenatal exposure to teratogens.
Down syndrome
37
form of mental retardation that does not involve biological damage
but instead represents the low end of the normal distribution of
intelligence.
Familial Mental Retardation
38
refers to a child who
1. has difficulty mastering one or more academic subjects,
2. has normal intelligence, and
3. is not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance, such as sensory
impairment or inadequate instruction
learning disability
39
most common area of learning disability,
Reading
40
understanding and using the sounds in written and oral
| language
phonological awareness
41
information
in long-term memory about the sounds of words—may be less detailed or less precise in children
who have reading disability.
phonological representations
42
Another common form of learning disability
slowly in their efforts to learn to count, to add, and to subtract; many are also diagnosed with
reading disability.
mathematical disability
43
Children with ADHD are unusually energetic, fidgety, and unable to keep still—
especially in situations (such as school classrooms) where they need to limit their activity
Hyperactivity
44
```
Youngsters with ADHD do not pay attention in class and seem unable to concentrate
on schoolwork; instead, they skip from one task to another.
```
Inattention
45
Children with ADHD often act before thinking; they may run into a street before
looking for traffic or interrupt others who are already speaking
Impulsivity
46
the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters
Word recognition
47
the process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words.
Comprehension
48
The ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters
phonological awareness
49
One
| way to measure phonological awareness is to
present several words
50
The first step in actual reading
identifying individual words
51
about telling “something” to others
Writing
52
One difficult aspect of writing is _____, arranging all the necessary information in a manner
that readers find clear and interesting
Organizing Writing
53
writing down information on the topic as they
| retrieve it from memory
knowledge-telling strategy
54
deciding what information to include and how best to organize it for the point they wish to
convey to the reader
knowledge-transforming
| strategy
55
get something down on paper as fast as they can, just so they can revise it
into something clearer
Experienced writers
56
denotes two general types of physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young
adulthood.
Puberty
57
including a dramatic increase in height and weight, as well as
changes in the body’s fat and muscle content.
bodily changes
58
, including change in the reproductive organs and the appearance of
secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial and body hair and growth of the breasts
sexual maturation
59
which is the acquisition of fatty insulation that makes neurons transmit information faster
myelination
60
which is the weeding out of unnecessary connections between neurons
synaptic pruning
61
the brain region that plays a critical role in
| planning and inhibiting inappropriate behavior
frontal cortex
62
which refer to organs that are directly involved in
reproduction. These include the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in girls and the scrotum, testes, and penis in
boys.
primary sex characteristics
63
which are physical signs of
maturity not directly linked to the reproductive organs. These include the growth of breasts and the widening
of the pelvis in girls, the appearance of facial hair and the broadening of shoulders in boys, and the
appearance of body hair and changes in voice and skin in both boys and girls
secondary sex characteristics
64
, the onset of menstruation, typically occurs at about age 13
Menarche
65
first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid
spermarche
66
s the key player: It helps to regulate physical development by releasing growth
hormone
pituitary gland
67
based on the body mass index (BMI), which is an adjusted ratio
of weight to height.
“overweight”
68
e speed at which the body consumes calories
basal metabolic
| rate
69
, a disorder marked by a persistent refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight.
Anorexia nervosa
70
a. Individuals with bulimia nervosa alternate between binge
eating periods, when they eat uncontrollably, and purging through self-induced vomiting or with
laxatives.
bulimia nervosa
71
means exercising for 30 minutes, at least three times a week, at a pace that
keeps an adolescent’s heart rate at about 140 beats per minute.
“Regular activity
72
e site of ongoing cognitive processing
Working memory
73
s the speed with which
| individuals complete basic cognitive processes.
processing speed
74
rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are
useful in solving a range of problems.
tend to be fast and require little effort.
heuristics
75
moral reasoning is based on external forces. For most children, many
adolescents, and some adults, moral reasoning is controlled almost exclusively by rewards and
punishments.
pre-conventional level
76
which means believing that
| authority figures know what is right and wrong
obedience orientation
77
which they look
| out for their own needs
instrumental orientation
78
adolescents and adults look to society’s norms for moral guidance
people’s moral reasoning is largely determined by others’ expectations of them
conventional level
79
The aim is to win the
| approval of other people by behaving as “good boys” and “good girls” would.
interpersonal norms
80
e, adolescents and adults
believe that social roles, expectations, and laws exist to maintain order within society and to promote
the good of all people
social system morality
81
moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code. The emphasis is no longer
on external forces like punishment, reward, or social roles
post-conventional level
82
Adults agree that members of social
groups adhere to a _____ because a common set of expectations and laws benefits all group
members.
social contract
83
Abstract principles such as justice, compassion, and equality form the basis of a personal code that
may sometimes conflict with society’s expectations and laws
, universal ethical principles dominate moral reasoning
84
source of prestige, social recognition, and a sense of worth
Work
85
makes explicit an intuitively appealing idea: that people choose occupations to
optimize the fi t between their individual traits (such as personality, intelligence, skills, and abilities) and
their occupational interests.
From this perspective, he identifies six personality types that combine these factors: investigative, social,
realistic, artistic, conventional, and enterprising, which he believes are optimally related to occupations.
Holland’s Theory of Occupational Choice Revisited
86
measure of how well one is doing in one’s career. How quickly occupational advancement
does (or does not) occur may lead to such labels as “fast-tracker” or “dead-ender.”
Promotion
87
which is the socialization
| that occurs when people learn the unwritten rules of an organization
professional socialization
88
Proposed a progression through five distinct stages during adulthood as a result of changes in individuals’
self-concept and adaptation to an occupational role: implementation, establishment, maintenance,
deceleration, and retirement.
-People are located along a continuum of vocational maturity through their working years; the more
congruent their occupational behaviors are with what is expected of them at different ages, the more
vocationally mature they are.
SUPER’S THEORY
89
five developmental tasks
(crystallization and specification) occur
primarily in adolescence
(implementation, stabilization, and consolidation) occur
over adulthood.
90
begins in the early 20s, when people take a series of temporary jobs to learn firsthand about work roles and to try out some possible career choices.
implementation task
91
begins in the mid-20s with selecting a specific occupation during young
adulthood. It continues until the mid-30s as the person confirms the occupational choice that was
made
stabilization task
92
begins in the mid-30s and continues throughout the rest of the person’s
working life as people advance up the career ladder
consolidation task
93
developmental coach is part teacher, part sponsor, part model, and part counselor who
facilitates on-the-job learning to help the new hire do the work required in his or her present role and to
prepare for future roles.
helps a young worker avoid trouble
mentor
94
positive feeling that results from an appraisal of one’s work
Job satisfaction
95
a depletion of a person’s energy and motivation
| state of physical, emotional, and mental zexhaustion as a result of job stress.
Burnout
96
denying a job to someone solely on the basis of whether the person is a man or a woman
gender discrimination
97
level to which they may rise in an organization but beyond
which they may not go.
major barrier for women, and the greatest barrier facing
them is at the boundary between lower-tier and upper-tier grades.
glass ceiling
98
equalizing pay across occupations that are determined to be equivalent in importance but differ in the
gender distribution of the people doing the jobs
pay equity
99
which involves denying a job or promotion to someone solely on the basis of age
Age discrimination
100
- occurs when there is a lack of challenge in one’s job or promotional opportunity
in the organization or when a person decides not to seek advancement
Career plateauing
101
retraining might focus on how to advance in one’s occupation or on how to
find new career opportunities.
Midcareer employees
102
—people focus on how the stressful situation makes them feel, so they
cope by making themselves feel better about it.
Emotion-focused coping
103
focus on the problem itself and do something to solve it. People who
used emotional avoidance as a strategy reported higher levels of stress, particularly when they
were fairly certain of the outcome.
Problem-focused coping—
104
e central organizing aspect of the couples’ negotiation of time in their lives
dependent care
105
—in which supervisors are sympathetic and
supportive regarding family issues and child care—and provides benefits that workers consider important,
employees report less work–family conflict, have lower absenteeism, and report higher job satisfaction.
“justice” approach
106
which is the feeling of being pulled in
| multiple directions by incompatible demands from one’s job and one’s family.
work–family conflict
107
diminishes in later life stages, especially when the quality of the marriage is high.
Overall, it is important to note that the self-perceived quality of one’s roles is a key indicator of
whether one will experience work–family stress
Interole conflict
108
often have difficulty finding time for each other, especially if both work long
hours. The amount of time together is not necessarily the most important issue; as long as the time
is spent in shared activities such as eating, playing, and conversing, couples tend to be happy.
Dual-earner couples
109
such as attending sporting events, concerts, church services, and meetings
cultural
110
such as basketball, hiking, Pilates, and gardening
physical
111
such as visiting friends and going to parties
social
112
including reading, listening to music, and watching television
solitary
113
can also be considered in terms of the degree of cognitive, emotional, or physical
involvement; backpacking, for example, would have high activity in all three areas
Leisure activities
114
much like daydreaming.
Preoccupations
115
ideas and feelings about things one would like to do, is curious about,
or is attracted to
Interests
116
a personal library of intrinsically motivated activities that we do regularly
and that we take with us into retirement
leisure repertoire
117
how good we think we are at the activity compared to other people our
age
Perceived competence
118
how well we meet our personal goals for performance
psychological comfort
119
provide an excellent forum for the interaction of biological, psychological, and
sociocultural forces
Leisure activities
120
begins at 40 usually with a “rite of Passage” “over the hill” motif
Middle age
121
occurs between 19 and 20
Skeletal Maturity
122
may develop, in which bones become porous and extremely easy to break.
common in women and may result from decline in calcium and estrogen after
menopause, later in life of men
Osteoporosis
123
measures bone density at hip and spine
DXA
124
wear-and-tear disease), most common form of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
125
which is a destructive disease of the joints causing pain morning stiffness,
aching fingers, wrists, ankles, an inherited predisposition exists.
Rheumatoid arthritis
126
e loss of ability to bear children
climacteric
127
hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, genital
| shrinkage and urine leakage.
Declined of Estrogen-related symptoms
128
: sleep problems, headaches, rapid heart-beat, stiffness or soreness in the
joints, mood changes, and low libido, changing cholesterol levels, aches and pains, fatigue.
Somatic symptoms
129
has been associated with both risk and benefits
associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer and breast cancer,
cardiovascular disease, stroke, gallbladder disease.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
130
enlarges and stiffens with increasing age in men and may block the urinary tract,
and risk of prostate cancer increases.
prostate gland
131
highest for occupations that experience less control over their job
appraise a situation as exceeding your personal, social, or other resources
and affecting your well-being.
Stress
132
```
suppresses the immune
system, increases susceptibility to
infections, increases atherosclerosis, (HPT)
hyperparathyroidism, impaired memory
and cognition.
```
Chronic stress
133
_____lower the immune system,
while ______ improve the immune
functioning
Negative events , positive events
134
behavior pattern in which people tend to be intensely competitive, angry,
hostile, restless, aggressive, and impatient.
Type A behavior pattern
135
Behavior pattern in which people show the opposite tendencies to Type A
behavior pattern
Type B behavior pattern
136
an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event in which grave
physical harm occurred or was threatened.
PTSD
137
improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system and cognitive
system.
Aerobic exercise
138
Traditional methods of measuring intelligence do not reflect real-world situations
The broad range of skills related to how individuals adapt to their physical and social environments
is
Practical Intelligence
139
reflects those aspects of intelligence comprising fluid
Mechanic
140
refers to those aspects reflecting crystalized (knowledge and experience based
intelligence) intelligence.
Pragmatics
141
s someone much better at task than people who put little effort into it.
expert
142
the extent of anxiousness, hostility, self-consciousness, impulsivity,
vulnerability
Neuroticism
143
the degree of thriving on social interaction, like to talk, take charge easily
,readily express opinions and feelings, prefer stimulation, challenging environments
Extraversion
144
a vivid imagination and dream life, appreciation of art, and desire to try
anything, make decisions based on situational factors, place a low emphasis on economic gain
Openness to experience
145
being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring
Agreeableness
146
being hard-working, ambitious, energetic, persevering
Conscientiousness
147
desire to be productive by shaping the next generation was what Erikson
generativity
148
Those who do not achieve generativity feel the effects of
stagnation
149
– a life story that helps create a person’s identity
Narrative
150
personality resource that enables people to handle midlife challanges
Ego resistance
151
Women in middle-age
person who accepts the responsibility for
gathering family together for celebrations and keeping them in touch
kinkeeper
152
Middle-age is often because they are often caught between caring for
parents and children
sandwich generation
153
may provide social and personal elements by recreational activities, passing
on family histories, teaching skills, and giving advice
Grandparents
154
the most important thing in their lives - centrality
grandparenthood
155
y experience pride from knowing they will be followed by at least two generations
- immortality
| through clan
156
grandchildren live with grandparents in order to learn the tribal customs
Cultural conservator
157
study population trends and use population pyramids to illustrate the changes
Demographers
158
the number of years a person can expect to liveDetermined by genetic and environmental factors
Longevity
159
e age at which half the people born in a particular year will have died.
Average life span for women is80.4 and men is 75.4 years
Average life expectancy
160
he number of years a person is free from debilitating chronic disease
Useful life expectancy
161
oldest age to which any person lives, currently 120 yrs
Maximum life expectancy
162
a major factor in longevity
Heredity
163
– functioning may be part of a master genetic program with a biological clock
Programmed Theories
164
Wear-and-tear theory suggests that the body simply wears out
| Free radicals cause cellular damage, aging is caused by this damage over the lifetime
Damage or error theories
165
some proteins interact randomly with certain body tissues and stiffen these tissues
Cross linking
166
focus on the buildup of toxic cellular substances and subsequent deterioration
Cellular theories
167
chemicals produced by cell division that cause cell damage
Free radicals
168
s an explanation that suggests that certain proteins interact with body tissue,
which results in stiffer tissues. Heart, muscle, and arteries can be affected
Cross-linking
169
These theories examine the interaction between caloric intake and stress
Metabolic Theories
170
This approach points to evidence that aging is biologically or genetically programmed
Recent information about human genetics is contributing to these explanations
Programmed Cell Death Theories
171
fibers in the axon form spiral-shaped masses
neurofibrillary tangles
172
, which interfere with other, healthy neurons
neuritic
| plaques
173
-some dendrites shrivel up and die, but some continue to grow in some
areas of the brain
Dendritic changes
174
– X-Rays, CT, MRI
Structural
175
shows brain activity, single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT),
positron emission tomography (PET), magnoencephalography (fMRI), near infrared spectroscopic
imaging (NIRSI)
Functional
176
e most common respiratory disease in older adults such as emphysema mostly caused by smoking, asthma, and some genetic forms
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
| (COPD
177
Symptoms such as slow tremors in the hands and slow walking, difficulty getting
in and out of chairs
Caused by deterioration of the neurons in the midbrain that produce the
neurotransmitter dopamine
Parkinson’s disease
178
Surgically implant e brain which acts like a brain pacemaker
neurostimulator
179
age-related decline in the ability to see close objects clearly
Presbyopia
180
opaque spots in the lens of the eye, may develop. Also, glaucoma, or an increase in the
pressure of the fluid in the eye, may cause loss of vision
Cataracts
181
fluid retention in the macula, detachment of the retina, hemorrhage, and
aneurysms.
Diabetic retinopathy
182
The speed at which a person can make a specific motor response may slow with
advancing age
This finding may be due to taking longer to decide what response to make, especially when faced
with an ambiguous situation
Psychomotor Speed
183
is the information that is being used at the moment, Involves the processes and
structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using it to solve a problem,
make a decision, perform some function or learn new information.
Working Memory
184
he deliberate and conscious remembering of information
Explicit memory
185
memory of information from a specific time or event
Episodic memory
186
is the remembering of the meaning of words or concepts unrelated to a
specific time or event
Semantic memory
187
s unconscious remembering of information learned at an earlier time
Implicit memory
188
_____are devices and materials that rely on environmental resources such as calendars and
notebooks
_____ are methods that rely on mental processes such as imagery
External aids, Internal aids
189
the ability to produce work that is novel, in high demand, and task-appropriate
Creativity
190
diagnosed based on two changes: Feelings and physical changes present for 2 weeks
Depression
191
Feelings of sadness
dysphoria
192
s involve excessive dread in everyday situations, feelings of severe anxiety for no
apparent reason, phobias and obsessive-compulsive thoughts or actions.
Anxiety Disorders
193
a family of diseases that results in serious behavioral and cognitive impairments.
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the more common
Dementia
194
may cause confusion, disability, and dependence
Alzheimer’s disease
195
remembering new information and increasing the time between retrieval times
Spaced retrieval
