CHAP 6 (Child Victims and Witnesses)

Question 1

Two Types of Eyewitness Evidence / Memory Variables

Answer 1

1. Estimator Variables
2. System Variables

Question 2

____ revolutionized researchers’ approaches to eyewitness identification issues by coining estimator and system variables through research

Answer 2

Gary Wells

Question 3

In Adult Eyewitness evidence memory is not 1. ___________,
due to 2. __________.

Can be benefitted by 3. ________________________

Answer 3

1. Accurate
2. Biases in how we recall information
3. Improving system variables to get the best information possible

Question 4

Estimator and system variables are examples of 1. independent or 2. dependent variables

Answer 4

Independent Variables

Question 5

As a whole Eyewitness evidence is still _______ , but not ______

Answer 5

good, perfect

Question 6

What is different about children victims / eyewitness?

Answer 6

Children are:
- Children are eager to please
- Children appeal more to authority figures
- Children are much more suggestible

Question 7

Child eyewitnesses typically and most oftenly make this specific kind of error

Answer 7

Attribution errors (who said what, did what, etc)

Question 8

Martensville Case (1991) “Brotherhood of the Ram”

Answer 8

• 2 year old with a diaper rash, mother suspected abuse at sterling babysitting business
• First interviewees (kids) said no abuse, because nothing was found. - - Kids believed they were giving the wrong answers, and started to change stories in subsequent interviews (even if unintentionally / are you really sure?)
• Started involving police officers! Into the wild stories
• Massive investigation, wrong charges / arrests to owners and police, $925 000 in damages to sterlings
• 6 out of 8 convictions overturned

Question 9

Making false claims is known as ___________

Answer 9

Fabricating

Question 10

If Children were needed to give eyewitness interview evidence, would Free Recall or Directed Questioning be better as an approach?

However, what are some issues with both approaches
__________________________

Answer 10

Free Recall

• However, children tend to report very little information using a free narrative
• Direct questions or probes, such as “What else do you remember?” are often necessary to elicit the required information.
• A dilemma arises considering the accuracy of direct questioning as children are much more suggestible to leading questions and give more inaccurate responses than adults

Question 11

When children are asked to report all they can remember, using a free narrative approach, their _______ in reporting is comparable with that of _________ (Ceci & Bruck,
1993).

Answer 11

Accuracy, Adults

Question 12

(TEXTBOOK PG 151) Why Are Children More Suggestible Than Adults?

Answer 12

1. “Social Characteristics” = SOCIAL COMPLIANCE OR SOCIAL PRESSURE
   - Aim to please, cooperate, infer desired answer sometimes even if illogical (Is red heavier than yellow? Gave yes or no answers) Hughes (1980)

• Hugely depends on interviewer

2. CHANGES TO THE COGNITIVE SYSTEM
   - Differences in the ways children and adults encode, store, and retrieve memories
   - Forgetting and retention issues, ESPECIALLY MISATTRIBUTION

Question 13

A doll, sometimes like a rag
doll, that is consistent with
the male or female anatomy

Answer 13

Anatomically detailed dolls

Question 14

Techniques for Interviewing Children

Answer 14

• Human Figure Drawings (HFDs)
• Criterion-based content analysis (CBCA) / statement validity analysis (SVA)
• Step-wise interview
• Narrative Elaboration
• NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
• Cognitive Interview (Adapted for Children)

Question 15

Analysis that uses criteria to
distinguish truthful from false
statements made by children

Answer 15

Criterion-based content
analysis (CBCA)

Question 16

A comprehensive protocol to
distinguish truthful or false
statements made by children
containing three parts:

(1) a structured interview of the child witness,

(2) a systematic analysis of the verbal content of the child’s statements (criterion-based content analysis)

(3) the application of the statement validity checklist

Answer 16

Statement validity analysis
(SVA)

Question 17

The underlying assumption of the CBCA is that

Answer 17

descriptions of real events differ in quality and content from memories that are fabricated.

• Eighteen criteria were developed to discriminate between true and fabricated events of sexual abuse.
• It is assumed that true events are more likely to contain the CBCA criteria rather than fabricated events

Question 18

In Germany in the 1950s, Udo Undeutsch created which inteviewing technique

Answer 18

The “Undeutsch Hypothesis” or statement validity analysis (SVA)

Question 19

Criterion-based content analysis (CBCA) is only _______ of a more comprehensive protocol called _______________________

Answer 19

part

statement validity analysis (SVA)

Question 20

Interview protocol with a
series of “steps” designed to
start the interview with the
least leading and directive
type of questioning, and then
proceed to more specific forms
of questioning, as necessary

Answer 20

Step-wise interview

Question 21

Interview procedure whereby
children learn to organize their
story into relevant categories:
participants, settings, actions,
conversation/affective states,
and consequences

Answer 21

Narrative elaboration

Question 22

Narrative Elaborations categories of organizing stories

Answer 22

• Participants
• Settings
• Actions
• Conversation/affective states
• Consequences

Question 23

After examining a number of interviewing protocols for
use with children, Dr. Michael Lamb and his colleagues developed an interviewing procedure that relies on open-ended questioning with two types of prompts available to interviewers

• Interviewers can use time prompts to have the child fill in details and a timeline
• Interviewers can use cue question prompts where details that the child has reported are used in the question and children are asked to elaborate

Answer 23

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVIEW PROTOCOL

-One issue that appears problematic for children is a multipart prompt where interviewers ask two questions together

Question 24

Interview procedure for use
with eyewitnesses based on
principles of memory storage
and retrieval

Answer 24

Cognitive interview

Question 25

Interview procedure that includes various principles of social dynamics in addition to the memory retrieval principles used in the original cognitive interview

Answer 25

Enhanced cognitive interview

Question 26

Term to describe clients’ false beliefs that they were sexually abused / something happened to them as children, despite having no memories of this abuse until they enter therapy to deal with some other psychological problem, such as depression or substance abuse

Answer 26

False memory syndrome

Question 27

statement validity analysis (SVA) and Criterion-based content analysis (CBCA) is also known as / based off the _____________

Answer 27

“The Undeutsch Hypothesis”

Question 28

“The Undeutsch Hypothesis” : ______________________

Answer 28

- Udo believed that by living through something, memory is much richer or different than imagination - There has to be some factor that can differentiate between fantasy and reality in memory and that there is /has to be a way to tell (differences in quality / content)

Question 29

3 Parts of statement validity analysis (SVA)

Answer 29

1. Structured Interview: Open ended, ONLY Transcribed (Expert analyses strictly the transcription and is not able to know anything else about the person - reduces bias) 2. Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA) 19 Criteria (logical Structure, unusual details, self deprecation, etc) 3 Point Scale (Absent, Present, Strongly Present) (Unusual details? Absent present or strongly present) 3. Integration of the results with validity checklist Tests whether there is another explanation for the statement

Question 30

The 4 Criteria of a Validity Checklist

Answer 30

Psychological Characteristics (Inappropriate language?) Interview Characteristics (Coercive?) Motivations (to lie?) Investigative Questions (inconsistent evidence)

Question 31

SVA - Does it Work?

Answer 31

Undeutsch alone - did 1500 statements analysed in child sexual abuse cases - 90% diagnosed by him as truthful - 95% of the cases accused was convicted “newfound strong evidence and methods”, could sway the judge or jury, and something isn't correct just because you follow it + it has effectiveness when you use it **Lab 50-55% (As reliable as a coin flip)**

Question 32

Keys of Step-Wise Interviewing

Answer 32

Yuille (1993) - Broad and Non-Specific to start (Blonde hair? What did he look like?/ Try to minimise leading questions) - Need free-recall - Rapport is key “Patience and fact finding, experts only interviewing”

Question 33

How do children do with traditional eyewitness line ups?

Answer 33

- **Sequential Worse for kids (Opposite to ADULTS) - Elimination Line-up better (Pozzulo)** Combination of relative (Stage 1) and absolute (Stage 2) -** Compare the pictures to each other, point to the ones its not (left with a couple) - Simultaneous ^** - Then sequential afterwards with the remaining few

Question 34

Extremely traumatic memory that the brain blocked out to minimise distress, and it is recalled much later

Answer 34

Repressed Memory

Question 35

Crombag, Wagenaar & Van Koppen (1996) - El Al Boeing 747 in Amsterdam Study

Answer 35

El Al Boeing 747 Crashed In Amsterdam - “What do you remember about the event? “ - There was no footage of the crash whatsoever, only eyewitness, and participants may have only heard from others **!- People were sure they remember seeing specific things, using leading questions despite not seeing the crash at all**

Question 36

(TEXTBOOK) Lindsay and Read (1995) suggested five criteria to consider when determining the veracity of a recovered memory:

Answer 36

1. Age of complainant at the time of the alleged abuse. It is unlikely that anyone would have a memory (of abuse or otherwise) prior to age 2 2. Techniques used to recover memory. Techniques such as hypnosis and guided imagery heighten suggestibility and encourage fantasy. 3. Similarity of reports across interview sessions. Do the reports become increasingly more fantastic, or are they similar? 4. Motivation for recall. Is the client experiencing other psychological distress and wanting an answer to explain such feelings? 5. Time elapsed since the alleged abuse. It may be more difficult to recall abuse that occurred 25 years ago than abuse that took place 2 years ago

Question 37

How do we decide if children testimonies are reliable in court ? How in Canada and what is the law?

Answer 37

Truth Versus lying (2006) for < 14 **Used** to be **Competency Inquiry** , questions used to determine 1. Can they understand and respond adequately? 2. Do they promise to be truthful? **First part of the inquiry, children need only demonstrate a general ability to perceive, recall, and communicate rather than demonstrate specific abilities for describing the event/crime in question (What grade are you in?) **For the second part of the exam, children are questioned regarding their ability to distinguish between the truth and a lie and must demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of oath. Common themes for questioning in this section include (Defining terms, Religion and church, Consequences of lying) ** The second part of the inquiry may be particularly difficult for young children (and even for some adults). Now (Bala et al, **Bill C-2**) as a requirement -Assumption is that they Can testify, no requirements compared to competency inquiry **- Children (defined as persons under the age of 14) are asked simple questions about past events to determine their ability to understand and respond to questions. - Children are requested to promise to tell the truth and testify under such a promise. - No questions are asked about their understanding of the notion of an oath or truth**

Question 38

Questions posed to child witnesses under age 14 to determine whether they are able to communicate the evidence and understand the difference between the truth and a lie and, in the circumstances of testifying, to see if they feel compelled to tell the truth

Answer 38

Competency inquiry

Question 39

Should children have to testify? Testifying behind Screen or CCTV?

Answer 39

Used to be rarely used (10%) Rights of the defendant? (right to see your accuser) Now much more common instead Which should take precedence, in present it is more shifted towards child's needs

Question 40

Similarities between adults and children

Answer 40

- Still estimator and system variables - Estimators may play greater role - Are procedures to assist

Question 41

(TEXTBOOK) **Professor Nicholas Bala** has conducted extensive work in the area of child witness testimony. **Bala (1999)** identified a number of alternatives to in-court testimony that have been used in the Canadian system and are now available to any witness under the age of 18 and to vulnerable witnesses upon application.

Answer 41

1. A shield/screen to separate the child and defendant 2. The child is allowed to provide testimony via a closed-circuit television monitor 3. The child may have a support person with them while providing testimony 4. A child may be videorecorded while being interviewed 5.Generally, previous statements made by a witness are considered hearsay and are not admissible. However, in sexual abuse cases, judges can apply the rules liberally, and statements made by the child during the initial disclosure of the abuse may be allowed as evidence. 6. The judge may close the courtroom to the public or media to protect the privacy of the child.