chap 6 general

Question 1

hematopoiesis occurs where in what bones

Answer 1

red marrow in the sternum, rib, hip, spine, and leg

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

red blood cells (RBCs), most numerous cells in body

Question 3

ABO blood groups

Answer 3

A, B, AB, O blood types. each type has antibodies in plasma against other blood types

Question 4

Blood type A

Answer 4

has the A antigen

Question 5

Blood type B

Answer 5

has the B antigen

Question 6

Blood type AB

Answer 6

has the A antigens and B antigens

Question 7

Blood type O

Answer 7

has neither of the antigens

Question 8

Rh blood group

Answer 8

has many different antigens known as Rh factors. With these factors, you are Rh-positive. Without them, you are Rh negative. If someone has AB blood type, they are either AB negative or AB positive

Question 9

Leukocytes

Answer 9

white blood cells (WBCs). it has 5 types

Question 10

Groups of the leukocytes

Answer 10

Leukocytes
Granulocytes: - neutrophil: many large granules (does not
dye red or blue)
- Eosinophil: many large granules (stains red)
- Basophil: many large granules (stained dark
blue or purple)
Agranulocytes: - Lymphocyte: narrowing with no granules
(the large one that’s round without lobes)
- monocytes: large amount with few or no
granules (1 large that’s kidney bean-shaped)

Question 11

Thrombocytes

Answer 11

only cell fragments. “platelets”
start as stem cells and become megakaryocyte, the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes break off into fragments that are thrombocytes

Question 12

Plasma

Answer 12

the clear fluid that makes up 55% of the blood

Question 13

Albumin

Answer 13

a protein molecule that is produced by the liver. maintain the volume of the blood and blood pressure.

Question 14

Allergic reaction

Answer 14

basophils release histamine in the blood and mast cell release histamine from connective tissue

Question 15

local reaction

Answer 15

red, swollen, itching in 1 area

Question 16

system reaction

Answer 16

1 or more body system

Question 17

anaphylaxis

Answer 17

severe system reactive

Question 18

eosinophil

Answer 18

release chemicals to destroy foreign cells

Question 19

basophil

Answer 19

release histamine at the site of tissue damage dilates blood vessel, and increase blood flow

Question 20

lymphocyte

Answer 20

NK cells, B cell, T cells

Question 21

NK cells

Answer 21

Natural killer cells. recognize cancer cells and destroys it

Question 22

B cells

Answer 22

inactive until monocytes present fragments of a pathogen that the monocytes have engulfed. Then B cell change into a plasma cell and produces an antibody

Question 23

T cells

Answer 23

-Cytotoxic T cells: kills the cell that’s infected with a virus
- Helper T cells: stimulate the production of cytotoxic T cells. when helper T cells encounter a virus; they produce memory T cells
- memory T cells: inactive until a virus enters the body again. they remember the virus and become cytotoxic T cells.
- suppressor T cells: limit the extent and duration of immune response

Question 24

monocytes

Answer 24

engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coated with antibodies in the process of phagocytosis. produces interferon, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor

Question 25

interferon

Answer 25

produced by monocytes that engulf a virus. stimulate NK cells

Question 26

interleukin

Answer 26

stimulate B and T cells. lymphocytes and Nk cells. Produces a fever that's the inflammation and infection part. the increasing body temperature causes the stimulation of all leukocyte activity.

Question 27

tumor necrosis factor

Answer 27

they destroy endotoxins (that are produced by certain bacteria). destroys cancer cells

Question 28

antibody

Answer 28

produced by B cells when they change into plasma cells. AB coats the surface of the bacterium and this attracts leukocytes. AB coating marks the cells to be destroyed. Immunoglobulin

Question 29

IgA

Answer 29

in the body secretions (tears, saliva, mucus) and on the skin. IgA is given from mother to child via breast milk. this IgA provides passive immunity to the breast feeding body for all the diseases that the mother had

Question 30

IgD

Answer 30

on the surface of a B cell lymphocyte and activates it to become plasma cell

Question 31

IgE

Answer 31

on surface of basophil and causes it ti release histamine during inflammation and allergic reaction

Question 32

IgG

Answer 32

provides active immunity during pregnancy, IgG crosses placenta and provide passive immunity to fetus

Question 33

IgM

Answer 33

produced the first-time body encounters a pathogen. produced during blood transfusion of incompatible blood type

Question 34

band

Answer 34

immune neutrophil in the red bone marrow that has nucleus shaped like a curved band. Stab

Question 35

electrolytes

Answer 35

molecules in plasma that have a + or - electrical charge

Question 36

Sodium

Answer 36

Na+ exerts osmotic pressure that keeps water from moving out of the blood into the surrounding tissues. Maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 37

Bicarbonate

Answer 37

HCO3-, acts as buffer to maintain the pH of the blood

Question 38

calcium

Answer 38

Ca++, factor IV in process of blood clotting

Question 39

chloride

Answer 39

Cl-

Question 40

potassium

Answer 40

K+

Question 41

clotting factors

Answer 41

platelets release several that are activated by injured vessels - fibrinogen: factor I. produced by the liver - prothrombin: factor II. this factor is activated just before a thrombus is formed - thromboplastin: factor III. Tissue factors. it is released by injured tissue - calcium: factor IV