chap3

Question 1

Qu’est-ce que la déviance selon les sociologues?

Answer 1

Le crime est considéré comme un élément normal dans une société.

La déviance est analysée comme une réaction sociale aux crimes, établissant un lien social.

Question 2

Quel est le lien entre crime et réprobation sociale?

Answer 2

Nous ne réprouvons pas un acte parce que c’est un crime, mais c’est un crime parce que nous le réprouvons.

Cela illustre l’idée que la réprobation sociale définit ce qui constitue un crime.

Question 3

Quels sont les deux types d’impératifs selon Kant?

Answer 3

Hypothétiques et catégoriques.

Les impératifs hypothétiques dépendent d’un objectif, tandis que les impératifs catégoriques sont des règles universelles.

Question 4

D’où proviennent les impératifs catégoriques selon l’auteur mentionné?

Answer 4

De la société, et non de la raison individuelle.

Cela suggère que les normes morales sont imposées par la société.

Question 5

Comment Edward Ross définit-il le contrôle social?

Answer 5

La capacité d’une société à se réguler elle-même en fonction de normes et valeurs souhaitées.

Le contrôle social est essentiel pour maintenir l’ordre et prévenir la déviance.

Question 6

Quel est le lien entre la taille d’une ville et le contrôle social selon Park et Burgess?

Answer 6

Plus une grande ville perd de sa capacité à contrôler, plus le taux de criminalité augmente.

Cela souligne l’importance du contrôle social, notamment familial.

Question 7

Quelles distinctions William Sumner fait-il entre moeurs et usages?

Answer 7

Moeurs: impératifs moraux, Usages: pratiques courantes et normes non contraignantes.

Cette distinction montre la flexibilité entre normes sociales et juridiques.

Question 8

Remplissez le blanc: La distinction entre normes sociales et _______ est souple.

Answer 8

juridiques.

Les normes juridiques émanent des normes sociales.

Question 9

What is the hierarchy of norms according to Kelsen’s Pyramid?

Answer 9

The legal norms form an autonomous system

Kelsen’s theory emphasizes the relationship and structure of legal norms in a hierarchical manner.

Question 10

How can law ensure its acceptability and effectiveness?

Answer 10

By drawing inspiration from social norms

This means that the law adapts to societal values to remain relevant.

Question 11

Who wrote ‘La civilisation des moeurs’ and in what year?

Answer 11

Norbert Elias, 1939

This work discusses the evolution of social norms over time.

Question 12

What example illustrates the evolution of social norms?

Answer 12

The celebration of St. John where cats were burned

This act reflects past violent practices that have since evolved.

Question 13

What is the concept of pacification in social norms?

Answer 13

The evolution of norms towards less violent behaviors

This indicates a societal shift towards more peaceful interactions.

Question 14

According to Inglehart, what influences the production of norms?

Answer 14

Social changes

He suggests that shifts in societal values from materialistic to post-materialistic influence norms.

Question 15

What are the two types of norms described by Max Weber?

Answer 15

Traditional (customs, religion) and formal (laws)

This classification shows the transition from informal to formalized norms.

Question 16

Define social control according to Parsons (1951).

Answer 16

A process that counters deviant behavior through sanctions and maintains social stability

This definition emphasizes both external and internal mechanisms of control.

Question 17

What are the two forms of social control?

Answer 17

External and internal

External control involves specialized institutions, while internal control comes from socialization and self-regulation.

Question 18

What experiment did Solomon Asch conduct in 1951 related to social control?

Answer 18

An experiment demonstrating individual sensitivity to group pressure and social norms

This highlights how societal norms can influence individual behavior.

Question 19

Who wrote ‘The Established and the Outsider’ and when?

Answer 19

Norbert Elias & John Scotson, 1965

This work explores social dynamics between different classes within society.

Question 20

What is the context of the investigation mentioned in Leicester?

Answer 20

Winston Parva, primarily involving workers

The investigation focuses on the dynamics of a working-class community.

Question 21

What are ‘établis’ and ‘marginaux’ in the context of social interaction?

Answer 21

‘Établis’ refers to established individuals while ‘marginaux’ refers to newcomers or marginalized individuals

This distinction highlights the social dynamics and exclusionary practices within communities.

Question 22

What is the main theme of Dominique Pasquier’s work on lycée cultures?

Answer 22

The tyranny of the majority

This concept explores how majority groups impose cultural norms on others in educational settings.

Question 23

How does the culture lycéenne contrast with dominant culture?

Answer 23

It is constructed in opposition to the dominant culture

This suggests a form of resistance and identity formation among students.

Question 24

What is informal social control as described in the context of lycée culture?

Answer 24

Mechanisms like dress codes and peer relationships

These informal controls influence behavior and socialization among students.

Question 25

What are the four mechanisms explaining social control according to Maurice Cusson?

Answer 25

* Difficulty in committing certain acts * Risks involved * Potential gains * Social discrediting of individuals who deviate ## Footnote These mechanisms illustrate how social control shapes behavior and deters deviance.

Question 26

What does the metaphor of the broken window signify in social control policy?

Answer 26

The need to repair broken windows to avoid a climate of vandalism and delinquency ## Footnote This metaphor underlines the importance of maintaining order to prevent further disorder.

Question 27

What does the policy of 'zero tolerance' refer to?

Answer 27

A strict enforcement of laws to eliminate minor offenses ## Footnote This approach was notably implemented in New York under Rudolph Giuliani in 1990.

Question 28

What criticism does Laurent Mucchielli have regarding crime causation?

Answer 28

He argues for a simplistic view of the causes of crime and points to stigmatization of certain groups ## Footnote This critique highlights the complexity of crime and the potential for bias in interpretation.

Question 29

What is the focus of Sylvie Ayral's research on boys in college?

Answer 29

The non-neutral effects of sanctions, particularly affecting 75% of boys ## Footnote This research indicates gender disparities in disciplinary actions and their implications.

Question 30

What is the role of masculinity in social status according to the hierarchical operator of gender?

Answer 30

Masculinity is seen as a performance that reinforces social status ## Footnote The term 'sanchions' likely refers to sanctions that reinforce these social structures.

Question 31

What is the primary focus of the study 'The Gangs' conducted in 1927?

Answer 31

The study examines the emergence of gangs in communities where social norms and structures collapse.

Question 32

What factors contribute to the emergence of gangs according to the ecological perspective?

Answer 32

Gangs develop in environments where institutions weaken, leading to social disorganization.

Question 33

What does the concept of 'démoralisation' refer to in the context of immigration?

Answer 33

Démoralisation refers to social disorganization and weakening of community structures due to immigration.

Question 34

Who proposed the theory of 'differential association' in relation to professional crime?

Answer 34

Edwin Sutherland proposed the theory in 1937.

Question 35

What is the key idea behind 'differential association'?

Answer 35

Delinquency is learned through interactions with groups that value or accept deviant behavior.

Question 36

List the four modes of adaptation according to Robert K. Merton's functionalist approach to deviance.

Answer 36

* Conformity * Innovation * Ritualism * Retreatism * Rebellion

Question 37

What does 'anomie' refer to in Merton's theory?

Answer 37

Anomie refers to the disjunction between societal goals and the means to achieve them.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The process of learning delinquency includes techniques and _______.

Answer 38

[motifs]

Question 39

True or False: Merton's approach to deviance focuses solely on biological and psychological factors.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What is the significance of territory in gang identity formation?

Answer 40

Territory plays a central role in identity construction for gangs.

Question 41

What does Albert Cohen's concept of 'Delinquent Boys' focus on?

Answer 41

The role of groups in the context of anomie and deviant subcultures ## Footnote Cohen's work emphasizes the systems of values, norms, and behaviors adopted by groups in opposition to societal norms.

Question 42

What are the three aspects of deviant subcultures according to Cohen?

Answer 42

* Non-utilitarian * Mal-intentioned * Counter to mainstream values

Question 43

Who developed the concept of madness as a historical mental illness?

Answer 43

Michel Foucault ## Footnote Foucault discusses the historical perspective of madness in 'History of Madness in the Classical Age'.

Question 44

What significant event does Foucault associate with the Classical Age regarding the treatment of the mad?

Answer 44

The 'grand renfermement' ## Footnote This term refers to the confinement of individuals deemed mad during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 45

What does Foucault mean by 'medicalization of madness'?

Answer 45

The process that began in the 18th century to treat madness as a medical condition.

Question 46

What was the significance of the year 1793 in the context of madness?

Answer 46

The cessation of chaining the mad ## Footnote This marked a shift towards more humane treatment of individuals with mental illness.

Question 47

What is the 'device of domestication' according to Foucault?

Answer 47

Mechanisms and institutions established to normalize, control, and discipline individuals ## Footnote Examples include schools and the military.

Question 48

What is the 'panopticon' concept introduced by Bentham?

Answer 48

A design that encourages individuals to internalize surveillance and self-discipline.

Question 49

How does the panopticon contribute to social control?

Answer 49

It increases social control and can lead to greater deviance ## Footnote The idea is that constant surveillance leads individuals to regulate their own behavior.

Question 50

What is the main argument of Howard Becker's theory of labeling?

Answer 50

Deviance is primarily an label applied by others ## Footnote Becker's work emphasizes that deviance is a transgression of a norm accepted by society.

Question 51

What does Becker mean by 'moral entrepreneur'?

Answer 51

An individual or group that attempts to impose their values or definitions of 'good conduct' on society.

Question 52

Qu'est-ce que la déviance primaire selon Edwin Lemerk?

Answer 52

Un comportement qui enfreint une norme sans que l'individu soit étiqueté comme déviant ## Footnote La déviance primaire est souvent vue comme une violation initiale qui ne conduit pas nécessairement à un étiquetage social.

Question 53

Qu'est-ce que la déviance secondaire?

Answer 53

Comportement déviant qui résulte de l'étiquetage social et de la réaction des autres ## Footnote La déviance secondaire se développe lorsque l'individu intériorise le statut de déviant.

Question 54

Quel est le double sens du terme 'oubider'?

Answer 54

Étiquette collée à un individu + pouvoir du déviant ## Footnote Cela souligne comment le stigmate influence l'identité d'une personne.

Question 55

Qu'est-ce qu'une 'carrière déviante'?

Answer 55

Parcours par lequel un individu est progressivement étiqueté comme déviant ## Footnote Cela implique un apprentissage des techniques de reconnaissance des comportements déviants.

Question 56

Quel est le plaisir associé à être déviant?

Answer 56

Motivation à devenir déviant mais intensification des actes déviants ## Footnote Cela montre comment le statut de déviant peut devenir une source de satisfaction personnelle.

Question 57

Pour arrêter d'être déviant, que doit faire un individu?

Answer 57

Être remarqué par les autres ## Footnote Cela indique l'importance de la reconnaissance sociale dans le processus de déviance.

Question 58

Quel est le poids des stigmates selon Erving Goffman?

Answer 58

Impact significatif sur l'identité et les interactions sociales ## Footnote Goffman a traité des stigmates dans son ouvrage 'Stigmate: Les usages sociaux du handicap' publié en 1963.

Question 59

Quelle est la distinction entre identité réelle et virtuelle?

Answer 59

Comment on se perçoit versus comment les autres nous perçoivent ## Footnote Cette distinction est cruciale pour comprendre le phénomène de stigmate.

Question 60

Quels sont les trois types de stigmates?

Answer 60

* Corporel * Personnalité * Tribaux ## Footnote Ces types de stigmates reflètent différents aspects de l'identité qui peuvent être perçus négativement.

Question 61

Quelles sont les stratégies pour gérer un stigmate?

Answer 61

* Dissimulation du stigmate * Interaction mixte * Retournement du stigmate * Faux-semblant * Rejoindre d'autres individus ayant le même stigmate ## Footnote Ces stratégies montrent comment les individus peuvent naviguer dans les stigmates sociaux.

Question 62

Pourquoi est-il difficile de mesurer la déviance?

Answer 62

Complexe et multiforme ## Footnote La déviance comprend de nombreux comportements et contextes, rendant la mesure difficile.

Question 63

Comment la délinquance est-elle mesurée depuis le 19e siècle?

Answer 63

À partir des enregistrements de police ## Footnote Cela inclut des biais potentiels dus à des changements de législation.

Question 64

Qui sont John Kinuse et Aaron Cicouel?

Answer 64

Auteurs d'une note sur l'utilisation des statistiques officielles en 1963 ## Footnote Leur travail met en lumière les problèmes de fiabilité des statistiques sur la délinquance.

Question 65

Qu'est-ce que le 'chiffre noir' de la délinquance?

Answer 65

Invisibilité des crimes non signalés dans les statistiques officielles ## Footnote Cela soulève des questions sur l'exactitude des données sur la délinquance.