Chap.5

Question 1

All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules, macromolecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 2

polymer

Answer 2

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, monomers

Question 3

dehydration reaction

Answer 3

two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule( removes a water molecule, forming a new bond)

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

breaking down a polymer (adds a water molecule, breaking a bond)

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

include sugars and the polymers composed of many sugar building blocks (The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides)

Question 6

Starch

Answer 6

storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

Question 7

cellulose is a polymer of

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

Glycogen

Answer 8

a storage polysaccharide in animals

Question 9

Chitin

Answer 9

another structural polysaccharide

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

Question 11

Lipids consist mostly of

Answer 11

hydrocarbon regions

Question 12

The most biologically important lipids are

Answer 12

fats
phospholipids
steroids

Question 13

Fat is a lipid are constructed from two types of smaller molecules:

Answer 13

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

Question 14

Fats are also called

Answer 14

triglycerides

Question 15

Glycerol

Answer 15

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Question 16

fatty acid

Answer 16

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 17

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 17

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

Question 18

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 18

have one or more double bonds

Question 19

The major function of fats is

Answer 19

energy storage

Question 20

Hydrogenation

Answer 20

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 21

rans-fats

Answer 21

may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

Question 22

Phospholipids

Answer 22

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

Question 23

The two fatty acid tails are

Answer 23

hydrophobic

Question 24

head of phospholipids is

Answer 24

hydrophobic

Question 25

Steroids

Answer 25

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 26

Cholesterol

Answer 26

an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes

Question 27

Polypeptides

Answer 27

are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids

Question 28

protein

Answer 28

a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure

Question 29

Enzymes

Answer 29

are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions

Question 30

Storage

Answer 30

sources of amino acids, such as egg white

Question 31

Defense

Answer 31

antibodies, membrane proteins

Question 32

Transport

Answer 32

carriers of molecules such as hemoglobin, membrane proteins

Question 33

Signaling

Answer 33

hormones, receptors

Question 34

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called

Answer 34

peptide bonds

Question 35

A polypeptide is a polymer of

Answer 35

amino acids

Question 36

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 36

an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Question 37

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a

Answer 37

gene

Question 38

There are two types of nucleic acids

Answer 38

``` Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ```

Question 39

Genes consist of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called

Answer 39

nucleotides

Question 40

Each gene along a DNA molecule directs synthesis of a messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis. This process is called

Answer 40

gene expression

Question 41

Nucleic acids are polymers called

Answer 41

polynucleotides

Question 42

Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called

Answer 42

nucleotides

Question 43

Nucleic acids are polymers called

Answer 43

polynucleotides

Question 44

Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called

Answer 44

nucleotides