Chapt. 14: Nutrition Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Nutrition
A
totality of methods by which an organism satisfies the energy, fuel, and regulatory needs of its body cells
2
Q
Organism
A
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
3
Q
Nutrients
A
Substances that contribute to nutritional needs of cells
4
Q
Ingestion
A
How animals take nutrients of food in body
5
Q
Food
A
edible materials that supply needed nutrients
6
Q
Macronutrients
A
nutrients need in large amounts
7
Q
Macronutrients are
A
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats)
8
Q
Micronutrients
A
nutrients needed in small amounts
9
Q
Micronutrients are
A
vitamins and minerals
10
Q
Difference between vitamins and minerals
A
vitamins = organic compounds; minerals = inorganic compounds
11
Q
organic
A
derived from or relating to living matter
12
Q
malnutrition
A
result of improper intake of nutrients
13
Q
Cause of malnutrition
A
person eating too little food or intake of too much of one nutrient and not enough of others
14
Q
nutritionist
A
a person who studies or is an expert in nutrition
15
Q
balanced diet
A
mixed diet that includes choices form 4 major food groups
16
Q
4 major food groups
A
milk, meat, vegetable and fruit, and bread
17
Q
How many servings of each group will ensure a balanced diet
A
3-4
18
Q
Carbohydrates
A
sugar and starches
19
Q
Basic unit of carbohydrates
A
glucose
20
Q
glucose chemical make up
A
C6H12O6
21
Q
what is glucose
A
monosaccharide
22
Q
sucrose
A
table sugar
23
Q
What is a saccharide
A
sugar
24
Q
Sugar in fruit name
A
fructose
25
sugar in milk name
lactose
26
What is sucrose
disaccharide
27
What is a disaccharide
double sugar
28
What is a monosaccharide
single sugar
29
Starches are formed from
long chains of glucose molecules
30
Starches are classified as
polysaccharides
31
What must carbohydrates be broken down into before they can be used by cells
glucose or fructose
32
How are carbohydrates broken down
through digestion
33
Where is excess sugar stored?
liver and muscles
34
How is excess sugar stored?
As glycogen
35
Common name for glycogen
Animal starch
36
too much fat is stored...
under skin and around body organs
37
Other things carbohydrates do
- fuel
| - help form structures of biological compounds (f.e. parts of cell membrane) and assist the body make B vitamins
38
All proteins contain the elements..
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
39
Some proteins contain the element...
sulfur
40
Protein is the only nutrient that supplies _ to the body
nitrogen
41
What is nitrogen necessary for
growth and repair of body cells and tissues
42
What happens without protien
slowly starves to death
43
What is a protein molecule constructed of
amino acids
44
How many essential amino acids are there?
20
45
What are special about essential amino acids
found in living cells
46
True or false:
Proteins = basic 20 amino acids + maybe special amino acids formed by a change in a common amino acid
true
47
What are the most abundant of organic coumpounds in body cells
protein
48
Proteins are important for
- all fibrous structures in the body
- Part of hemoglobin
- Certain hormones
- Thousands of enzymes that control biochemical processes in cells
- Protoplasm
- DNA molecules
- Antibodies
- Regulate water balance
- Regulate acid-base balance
49
What happens to proteins in digestive system
broken down into amino acid
50
What happens after proteins are broke down in body
Bloodstream carries amino acid to body cells
51
What happens if body's store of carbs are too low
- amino acids can be changed to glucose
| - fatty acids an glycerol can be used for energy
52
What happens if proteins are used for energy
not available to cells for building tissue
53
How many essential amino acids can be made by the body
12
54
What are protein that contain all essential amino acids
complete protein
55
Is animal protein a complete protein
yes
56
Is vegetable a complete protein
no
57
Protein deficiency disease
kwashiorkor
58
Elements lipids contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
59
Hydrogen to oxygen ratio in lipids
>2:1 (varies)
60
What do fats do
prevent heat loss through body surface, fuel energy, and aid transportation of fat soluble vitamins
61
What do certain fats do
essential to the structure and function of body cells, to the building of cell membranes, and to the synthesis of certain hormones
62
How is potential energy of food measured in
calories
63
1 Calorie =
quantity of heat necessary to raise temp. of 1 kilogram water by 1 degree Celsius
64
What are fats
concentrated sources of energy
65
1g fat = _ calories
9 calories
66
1 g of protein or carb = _ calories
4
67
Fiber in diet comes from
only plant sources
68
Is fiber a nutrient
no
69
why is fiber important
in diet to simulate normal action of intestines in the elimination of wastes
70
What does fiber do
absorbs many times its weight in water and aids in formation of softer stools because it adds bulk
71
fiber may contribute to protection against
many noninfectious diseases of the large intestine
Reduces blood cholesterol levels and helps prevent the formation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the arteries
72
Vitamins are either
water soluble or fat soluble
73
What is a water soluble vitamin
coenzymes necessary to the proper sequence of biochemical events that occur during cellular repsiration
74
What are the only vertebrates that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C from carbohydrates
primates and guinea pigs
75
Vitamin A is _ soluable
fat
76
What does vitamin A do
healthy visual pigments in eye and skin membranes
77
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms
dryness of membranes, poor growth, night blindness, inflamed eyelids
78
Food sources of vitamin A
fish liver oil, butter, cream, milk, margarine, brightly colored fruits and vegetables, leafy vegetables
79
Vitamin A name
retinol
80
Vitamin C name
Ascorbic acid
81
Vitamin D name
Calciferol
82
Vitamin E name
Tocopherol
83
Vitamin K name
Menadoine
84
Vitamin C is _ soluable
water
85
Vitamin D is _ soluable
fat
86
What is special about vitamin C
it is not stored by the body, oxidizes rapidly, and is readily destroyed by exposure to air
87
Humans make their own vitamin _ when _
D; exposed to sunlight
88
Why do we need vitamin C
Intercellular cement for teeth and bones; healthy capillary walls; resistance to infection
89
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
sore gums, tendency to bruise easily, painful joins, loss of weight (associated with scurvy)
90
Why do we need vitamin D
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism and growth, building strong bones and teeth
91
Vitamin D deficiency symptoms
Soft bones, poor tooth development and dental decay (rickets)
92
Food sources for vitamin C
citrus, tomatoes, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, green peppers
93
Food sources for vitamin D
fish liver oil, irradiated feed, leafy vegetables, green peppers
94
Why we need vitamin E
Prevention of oxidation by red blood cells, muscle tone
95
Vitamin E deficiency symptoms
Hemolysis of blood cells
96
Hemolysis
the rupture or destruction of red blood cells
97
capillary
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
98
venules
a very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries
99
Food sources for vitamin E
wheat germ, green leafy vegetables
100
Why do we need Vitamin K
Synthesis of prothrombin (a compound that aids clotting of blood)
101
Vitamin K deficiency symptoms
Blood doesn't clot fast
102
Vitamin K food sources
Green vegetables, tomatoes
103
Vitamin B complex vitamins
thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin
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Riboflavin is _ soluble
water
105
thiamin and niacin is necessary for
growth, healthy digestion, normal nerve function, good appetite, carbohydrate metabolism
106
metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
107
niacin and thiamin deficiency symptoms
poor digestion, depression, nerve disorders, and loss of appetite
108
thiamin and niacin food sources
yeast, wheat germ, liver, enriched foods, bread, green vegetables
109
Riboflavin is necessary for
growth, health of skin and mouth, function of eyes, carbohydrate metabolism
110
Riboflavin food sources
(same as thiamin and niacin), meat
111
What happens after prolonged deficiency of thiamin
beri-beri, a nerve disease that may result in paralysis
112
prolonged deficiency of niacin results in
pellagra, a disease characterized by a rash, graying and falling out of hair, depression, loss of weight, and digestive disturbances
113
minerals needed in large amounts
calcium and sodium
114
Calcium with _ used in building bones and teeth
phosphorus
115
_ is a regulator of muscle activity
calcium
116
nerve cells could not carry impulses nor could muscles contract without the assistance of _
sodium and potassium
117
_ functions in the regulation of body temperature since large amounts of its salts are excreted by the sweat glands
sodium
118
trace minerals
minerals needed in small amounts
119
functions of trace minerals
regulatory to enable enzymes of metabolism to work
120
_ is necessary for healthy bones and teeth and is involved in protein metabolism
magnesium
121
Weakening of bones and teeth and faulty metabolism are _ deficiency symptoms
magnesium
122
Magnesium food sources
green leafy vegetables
123
Sodium food sources
salt
124
iron food sources
liver, red meats, egg yolk, whole grain cereals
125
iodine food sources
marine fish, iodized salts
126
fluorine food sources
water treatments
127
_ is necessary for function of sodium-potassium pump, regulation of water balance in cells, regulation of nerve impulses, and acid-base balance of tissue fluids and blood
sodium
128
_ deficiency symptoms are cardiovascular diseases and disorders of the nervous symptoms
sodium
129
_ is necessary for synthesis of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes
iorn
130
hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group
131
myoglobin
a red protein containing heme, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin
132
cytochromes
any of a number of compounds consisting of heme bonded to a protein. Cytochromes function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways, especially cellular respiration
133
_ deficiency leads to anemia (difficulties in cellular respiration)
iron
134
_ is necessary for synthesis of thyroxin
iodine
135
_ deficiency symptoms are goiter (sluggish metabolism)
iodine
136
_ is necessary for resistance to tooth decary
fluorine
137
_ deficiency symptom is breakdown of tooth enamel
flourine
138
anorexia nervosa
obsessive dieting eating disorder
139
bulimia
binge eating eating disorder (then vomits or take laxative)
140
Roughage
fibrous indigestible material in vegetable foodstuffs which aids the passage of food and waste products through the gut
141
Calcium food sources
milk and dairy products, eggs, whole grain cereals, green leafy vegetables
142
potassium food sources
beans and peas, fruits, and vegetables
143
phosphorus food sources
milk and dairy products
144
_ necessary for building of bones and teeth, muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmissions, permeability of cell membrane, and activation of ATP enzymes
calcium
145
_ deficiency symptoms are loss of minerals from bone, anemia, nerve and muscle disorders
calcium
146
_ necessary for function of sodium-potassium pump, regulation of nerve impulse, muscle function, glycogen formation, and protein synthesis
potassium
147
_ deficiency symptoms are nerve and muscle disorders and irregular heartbeat
potassium
148
_ is necessary for building of bones and teeth, phosphorylation of glucose, building of ATP molecules, functions in cellular respiration, present in nucleic acids
phosphorus
149
_ deficiency symptoms are malfunctions of basic cell processes
phosphorus
150
phosphorylation
when molecule attaches to phosphoryl group
151
carboxyl or acid group present in amino acids is correctly represented as
COOH
152
During dehydration synthesis one ore more molecules of _ form
water
