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Biology 111 > Chapter 1 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Leeuwenhoek (lived 1632-1723)

A

Invented the first microscope. He is now considered to be the “father of microbiology.”

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1
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of small organisms. Organisms that are usually invisible to the naked eye.

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

He first describes cellulae in cork in 1665. His discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory by others.

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells

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4
Q

Who developed the cell theory?

A

Matthias Scheleiden and Theordor Schwann

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5
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The idea that organisms can arise from nonliving matter

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6
Q

Biogenesis

A

All living cells arise from other pre-existing living cells

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7
Q

Science

A

Organize body of knowledge about the natural world

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8
Q

Scientific method

A

A series of steps used to gain information about the natural world

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9
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A
  1. ) Make an observation/identify a problem
  2. ) gather info. About observation/problem
  3. ) formulate a hypothesis
  4. ) conduct a controlled experiment
    - control group
    - experimental group
    - collect data
  5. ) conclusion
  6. ) peer review
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10
Q

3 things Pasteur proved?

A
  • No living things arise from S.P.G.
  • Microbes are everywhere
  • Growth of microbes causes dead plant and animal tissue to decompose and food to spoil
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11
Q

Germ theory disease

A

Microbes cause disease and specific microbes cause specific diseases. Late 1800’s

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12
Q

Joseph lister

A

Proposed idea of antiseptic surgery.

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13
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • studied anthrax
  • infected all had microbes present, so he injected microbes into healthy animals and the microbes made the healthy animals sick
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14
Q

What did Robert Koch experiment prove?

A

Particular microbes cause particular diseases

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15
Q

Koch’s 4 postulates

A
  1. Suspect agent prevalent in every infected person/thing with that disease
  2. Suspect agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. Pure culture must cause disease when injected into healthy experimental disease
  4. suspect agent- re-isolated from the experimental animal and re-identified in pure culture (eliminates possibility of coincidence)
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16
Q

Free living organisms

A

Not directly dependent on another organism for survival. Ex. Bacteria

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Uses inorganic molecules or photons to create cellular energy. Ex. Phototroph

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18
Q

Decomposer

A

Organisms that use simple organic molecules from dead organisms to create ATP

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19
Q

Symbiotic

A

Living together. The smaller organism is called the symbiont and the larger is called the host.

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20
Q

Mutualistic

A

Both the symbiont and the host benefit from the relationship

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21
Q

Commensalistic

A

Symbiont receives a benefit from the relationship but the relationship does not harm nor help the host.

22
Q

Parasitic pathogens

A

The symbiont is benefits by the relationship, but the host is harmed by the relationship

23
Q

Types of parasites

A

Exotic, opportunistic

24
Q

Exotic parasites

A

Pathogen is not typically found in the human body, but can invade and cause harm.

25
Q

Opportunistic parasite

A

These pathogens are normal residents of the human body, but only inflict harm to the host when it’s immunity is weakened.

26
Q

Taxonomy

A

The classification and identification of organisms.

27
Q

Classification

A

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that have similar characteristics.

28
Q

Kingdom

A

Broadest classification of organisms. Species in this classification level can be very different. Organisms are placed in kingdom based on answering questions. Indicates a microorganism

29
Q

Kingdom questions

A

1) how many cells does the organism have?
- unicellular
- multicellular
2) have nucleus?
- Prokaryotic- no internal membranes including a nucleus
- Eukaryotic- have internal membranes, including a nucleus
3) how does it get it’s energy and nutrients?
- autotroph
- heterotrophs
4) cell wall composition?
- cellulose
- peptidoglycan
- chitin

30
Q

Monera/prokaryotes

A
  1. ) prokaryotic
  2. ) unicellular
  3. ) chemoautrophic
  4. ) cell wall made from peptidoglycan
31
Q

Protist

A
  1. ) eukaryotic
  2. ) unicellular
  3. ) photoautrophic
  4. ) no cell wall
32
Q

Fungi

A
  1. ) eukaryotic
  2. ) most are multicellular, some are unicellular
  3. ) heterotrophic by absorption
  4. ) made of chitin
33
Q

Phylum

A

Multiple phyla within each kingdom

34
Q

Class

A

Multiple classes in each phylum

35
Q

Order

A

Multiple orders in each class

36
Q

Family

A

Multiple families in each order

37
Q

Genus

A

Multiple genera in each family, very specific criteria to fit into genus and species

38
Q

Species

A

(Hundreds of millions of species exist) many species can make up the genus

39
Q

Scientific naming organisms

A

Carolus Linnaeus came up with the binomial nomenclature (2 name process)

40
Q

Scientific names composed of

A

Genus name and a species name

41
Q

Genus name

A

Capitalized

42
Q

species name

A

Not capitalized

43
Q

Scientific names are important because?

A

Reduces confusion in the scientific community. Only one scientific name, could be hundreds of street names that mean the same thing. consists of two Latin words.

44
Q

Virus

A

Infection agents, acellular, not considered to be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by protective protein layer, no nucleus or organelles or cell membrane or cytoplasm

45
Q

Viroids

A

Small piece of RNA that is not surrounded by a protein layer.

  • plant pathogens
  • uncertain in animals
46
Q

Prion

A

Small self-replicating protein, no RNA or DNA, abnormal shaped forms

47
Q

Why study microbiology?

A

Microbes are necessary for humans life and other forms of life

48
Q

2 infectious disease killers?

A

Diarrhea

Pneumonia

49
Q

Three domains

A

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

50
Q

Infectious agents

A

Agent capable of causing infection

Capable of self replications

51
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics

52
Q

Differences between domain bacteria and domain Archaea

A

1) bacteria and archaea are as genetically different as bacteria and eukarya.
2) bacteria- cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. In archaea they have cell walls but they are not made of peptidoglycan, the cell composition of all varies greatly
3) archaea can thrive in extreme environments, high salinity, high or low temperatures
4) archaea species rarely, if ever cause disease

Biology 111 (6 decks)

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