Chapter 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
ovum
A
female reproductive cell
2
Q
zygote
A
fertilized egg cell
3
Q
1st week of gestation
A
the blastocyst implants, to the lining of the uterus
4
Q
embryo
A
the implanted cluster of cells
5
Q
placenta
A
a sac of blood vessels
6
Q
3rd & 4th week of gestation
A
a structure called the placenta forms between the bodies of the embryo and the mother
7
Q
umbilical cord
A
a bundle of three blood vessels, and attaches the baby to the placenta
8
Q
6th week of gestation
A
1/2 inch long, arms and hands sprout, fingers faintly visible, heart chambers, lungs, and stomach forming, ears begin to take shape, major muscle groups in place, has special skin coating to keep it from wrinkling
9
Q
9th week of gestation
A
less than an inch long, 1/6 oz., all major organs are established, spends much time sleeping, between naps it exercises: waving and stretching arms, kicking feet, referred to as fetus
10
Q
12 weeks gestation
A
3 inches, 1 oz, tiny face becomes more definite
11
Q
4th month gestation
A
6 inches, 4 oz, hair grows, notices surroundings
12
Q
5th month gestation
A
10 inches, becomes a tight fit, eye brows and eye lashes are visible
13
Q
6th month gestation
A
can hear noises
14
Q
7th month gestation
A
can open eyes, can control breathing and swallowing, doesn’t breath on its own
15
Q
8th month gestation
A
fingernails finish forming, positions for birth
16
Q
9th month gestation
A
it gets chubbier, is born
17
Q
Obstetrician
A
provides medical care for women during and after pregnancy
18
Q
Birth to 18 months
A
Motor skills develop. Learns to sit, crawl, stand and walk.
19
Q
18 months to 3 years
A
Talks in short sentences, parallel play.
20
Q
3-6 years
A
Plays with others, increased communication.
21
Q
6-12 years
A
Rapid mental and social growth.
22
Q
Adolescence
A
Transition from childhood to adulthood.
23
Q
Puberty
A
Development when the body becomes ready to reproduce. Marks the beginning of adolescence.
24
Q
Hormones
A
Chemical “stimulators” of the endocrine system.
25
Endocronology
The study of the endocrine system.
26
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands of the endocrine system.
| Works closely with the nervous system to communicate with parts of the body.
27
Pituitary Gland
"master gland" affects all other endocrine glands
28
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that controls the bodys automatic activities and physical effects of your emotions.
29
Somatotropin
Growth hormone regulates over all growth rate.
| Secreted by pituitary gland.
30
Antidiuretic Hormone
Regulates blood pressure and water balance. Secreted by pituitary gland.
31
Thyroid Gland
Front of the neck. Regulates metabolism.
32
Thyroxine
Produced by thyroid. Regulates speed of body functions.
33
Parathyroid Glands
Two on each back side of the thyroid. Regulates calcium in the blood.
34
Adrenal Gland
One on top of each kidney. Two parts.
35
Adrenal Cortex
Thick outer part of the adrenal gland. Secrets steroid hormones
36
Adrenal Medulla
Small inner part of the adrenal gland
37
Epinephrine
"adrenaline" emergency action hormone
38
Aldosterone
Stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium. Helps regulate water balance. Produced by Adrenal Gland
39
Cortisol
Hormone stimulates the body to repair itself. Produced by the Adrenal Gland
40
Pancreas
Organ behind the stomach. Helps regulate blood sugar.
41
Islets of Langerhans
Small clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones.
42
Insulin
Hormone stimulates liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen. Produced in pancreas.
43
Glycogen
A type of starch.
44
Glucagon
Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream. Produced in pancreas.
45
Gonads
Reproductive glands. Produce hormones that stimulate development of sex organs and produce body changes.
46
Testes
Male reproductive glands.
47
Ovaries
Female reproductive glands.
48
Estrogens
Hormone produced by the ovaries. Production is stimulated by the pituitary gland
49
Testosterone
Hormone produced by the testes. Production is stimulated by the pituitary gland.
50
Pineal Gland
In the center of the brain. Regulates waking and sleeping cycles.
51
Melatonin
Hormone triggers sleepiness. Made in the pineal gland.
52
Gastroenterology
Study of the digestive system.
53
What are the three major functions of the digestive system
Digest foods
Absorb nutrients
Eliminate waste
54
Digestion
Physical and chemical break down of complex nutrients into simple water soluble substances the body can use.
55
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva in the mouth.
56
Crown of the tooth
Part of the tooth that we can see.
57
Enamel
Covers the crown. Hardest substance in the body.
58
Dentin
Hard bone like substance under enamel.
59
Pulp
Tissue in the hollow center of the tooth. Contains nerves and blood vessels that enter through the tip of the root.
60
Root Canal
Passage from the end of the root to the hollow center.
61
Cementum
Thin bone like covering over the root. Helps hold the tooth in its socket with the help of collagen fibers.
62
Periodontal membrane
Layer of tissue that produces cementum between the cementum and jawbone.
63
Gingiva
"Gum" tissue surrounding the teeth. Helps hold the teeth in place and protects the root from decay.
64
-ose
Suffix refers to sugar
65
en-, end-, endo-
suffix's meaning inside or within.
66
-olgy
suffix means science or study
67
peri-
prefix meaning surrounding or enclosing
68
dent, dont,
root means tooth
69
gastro-
prefix refers to stomach
70
entero-
prefix refers to intestine
71
Pharynx
throat
72
Uvula
small flap at the back of the mouth closes opening to nasal passage during swallowing.
73
Epiglottis
flap that closes over trachea during swallowing.
74
Enzymes
Protein molecules that activate chemical reactions in the body.
75
Salivary glands
Digestive glands that produce saliva.
76
Saliva
Contains water, mucus and a digestive enzyme. Moistens food, neutralizes acids in the mouth, begins digestion of carbs in the mouth.
77
Esophagus
Muscular tube connects pharynx to stomach. Two layers of involuntary muscles produce peristalsis.
78
Peristalsis
Wave like contractions.
79
Gastrointestinal tract "GI"
The digestive tract.
80
Sphincter Muscle
Circular bands of muscle that relax to form an opening and contract to close the opening.
81
Stomach
Sack like organ. Has three layers of muscles. Secrets gastric juice.
82
Gastric Juice
A mixture of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes and mucus.
83
Chyme
Food that has been mixed with gastric juices.
84
Mucous Membrane
A lining of the body that is covered with mucous. Such as the inside of the stomach, mouth, nose, ect.
85
What is the main function of the stomach?
To store food and release it as chyme into the small intestine.
86
Small intestine
Small diameter. Longest part of the digestive tract. Has three distinct sections.
87
Duodenum
First ten inches of the small intestine. Where most chemical digestion occurs. Chyme is mixed with intestinal juice produced by the duodenum, secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder.
88
Villi
Hair like projections inside the small intestine. Provides greater surface area for absorption.
89
What are the different types of carbohydrates
```
Glucose - manufactured in the body
Fructose - vegetable and fruit sugars
Lactose - Milk sugar
Maltose - Grain sugar
Sucrose - Refined from beets or sugar cane
```
90
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
91
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides combined
92
Simple carbohydrates
Mono and disaccharides
93
Polysaccharides
Formed from two long chains of simple carbohydrates.
| Complex carbohydrates
94
What happens to carbohydrates in the body
Starches or polysaccharides are broken down into glucose a monosaccharide that can be used as energy in the body.
Extra glucose is converted back into a polysaccharide glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
The liver converts glycogen back to glucose when it is needed.
Extra glycogen that is not used is stored as fat.
95
Carbohydtrates
provide energy
96
Proteins
Raw material for tissue building.
| Made up of long chains of amino acids.
97
Fats
Energy and building material
| Made up of fatty acids.
98
Vitamins
Growth and body functions.
99
Minerals
Regulate body functions, bone formation, muscle contraction.
100
Water
Medium for chemical reactions.
| Transport of materials.
101
macro-
prefix means large
102
mono-
prefix means one
103
di-
prefix means two
104
poly-
prefix means many or more than one
105
Dietary Fiber
A good source of carbohydrates.
Soluble reduces cholesterol.
Insoluble moves waste through the digestive tract.
106
Cholesterol
Fatlike substance that can accumulate in blood vessels.
| Used to produce bile, vitamin D, and certain hormones..
107
Cellulose
Insoluble fiber found in all plant cells.
108
Essential amino acids
Amino acids that the body cannot make itself.
109
Incomplete proteins
Vegetable proteins that do not have some of the essential amino acids.
110
Proteins should make up ______ of total calories.
10-30%
111
Carbohydrates should make up ______ of total calories.
45-60%
112
Triglicerides
A typical fat molecule.
| Made up of three fatty acids
113
Lipids
Fatlike substances that is insoluble in water.
114
Saturated fatty acids
Solid at room temperature.
115
Oils
Fats that are liquid at room temperature.
| Unsaturated fats.
116
Monosaturated
Fat molecule lacks only one pair of hydrogen atoms
117
Polyunsaturated
Fat molecule lacks two or more hydrogen atom pairs.
Mostly derived from plant seeds and fish.
Contains essential fatty acids.
118
Two essential fatty acids in our diet.
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
119
Hydrogenated oil
Hydrogen added to an oil to make it like butter
120
Atherosclerosis
Build up of fatty deposits or plaque in the blood vessels.
121
Hypertension
High blood pressure
122
Lipoproteins
"packages" of fat and protein that are transported through the bloodstream.
123
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
High proteins
124
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High cholesterol
125
-osis
Suffix means disease
126
hyper-
Prefix over, above or excessive.
127
lip-, lipo-
Prefix fat or fatty
128
What are some ways to keep a healthy cholesterol level?
```
Maintain a healthy body weight
Increase intake of soluble fiber
Reduce saturated fat intake
Exercise regularly
Do not smoke
```
129
Fats should supply ______ of calories
25-35%
130
Vitamins
Help things happen in the body.
131
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin C and B complex vitamins
132
Deficiency Disease
Caused by lack of some substance in the diet.
133
Enriched foods
Food that has vitamins added to it.
134
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
135
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency. In children causes bone deformation.
136
Vitamin K deficiency
Causes poor blood coagulation (clotting)
137
Vitamin A deficiency
Causes night blindness
138
Hypervitaminosis
Toxic levels of a vitamin in the body. Primarily with fat-soluble vitamins.
139
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients like vitamins.
| Often work together to make body functions happen.
140
Two minerals used to repair bones and teeth.
Calcium, Phosphorus
141
Magnesium
Mineral that is vital to energy production and the absorption of calcium.
142
What are three electrolytes
Potassium, sodium, and chlorine
143
What is an electrolyte?
Mineral that becomes electrically charged when dissolved in fluids.
144
Which electrolyte can cause hypertension (high blood pressure) if you eat too much?
Sodium.
145
How are ingredients on food label listed?
In decreasing order. Starting with the ingredient that is the biggest amount and ending with the smallest amount.
146
What are two trace elements?
Iron and Iodine. They are needed in extremely small quantities but are very important.
