Chapter 1

Question 1

System

Answer 1

A set of connected parts or components that function together to form a complex whole.

Question 2

A good health system

Answer 2

delivers quality services to all people, when and where they need them.

Question 3

Healthcare quote

Answer 3

“When you’ve seen one health care system, you’ve seen one health care system.

Question 4

health care system

Answer 4

The sum of all the institutions and processes that support the work of diagnosis and healing.

Question 5

Chinese medicine

Answer 5

the human body must maintain homeostasis in order to maintain a state of health, that is, an internal, bodily balance between two inseparable and opposing forces of nature: yin and yang. Yin represents the cold or passive, principle, whereas yang represents the hot, or active, principle.

Question 6

Qi

Answer 6

vital energy

Question 7

Meridians

Answer 7

interconnected channels in the body

Question 8

materia medica

Answer 8

(herbology), acupuncture, bodywork(massage and manipulation), or health benefiting exercises(exercising the body-mind connection).

Question 9

Western Medicine

Answer 9

perceives the human body as a collection of interconnected health systems-heart, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, and so forth-each with a set of functions and normal operation processes.

Question 10

Primary Prevention

Answer 10

intends to prevent the development of disease or injury before it occurs in individuals, and thus to reduce the incidence of disease in the population.

Question 11

Examples of primary prevention

Answer 11

the use of automobile seat belts, condom use, skin protection from ultraviolet light, and tobacco use cessation programs

Question 12

Secondary prevention

Answer 12

is concerned with reducing the burden of existing disease after it has developed; early detection is emphasized. Secondary prevention activities are intended to identify the existence of disease early so treatments might not be as effective when applied later can be of benefit.

Question 13

Tertiary prevention

Answer 13

focuses on the optimum treatment of clinically apparent, clearly identified disease so as to reduce the incidence of later complications to the greatest possible degree.

Question 14

Tertiary prevention involves

Answer 14

rehabilitation and limitation of disability

Question 15

Health care is primarily concerned

Answer 15

with secondary and tertiary prevention: early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions that can be cured or limited in their consequences (secondary prevention) and treatment of chronic diseases and other conditions to prevent exacerbation, stabilize conditions, and minimize future complications (tertiary prevention)

Question 16

The health care system has the

Answer 16

smallest impact on primary prevention-that group of interventions that focus on stopping the development of disease and illness, and the occurrence of injury.

Question 17

Evans and Stoddart argue

Answer 17

other than for immunization, the major focus of the health care system’s primary prevention activities is on the behavioral determinants of health, rather than the physical and social environments

Question 18

Interventions particularly those addressing personal lifestyles

Answer 18

are offered in the form of “provider counseling” for smoking cessations, seatbelt use, or dietary modification.

Question 19

Poverty, race, and ethnicity often limit access to healthcare and therefore

Answer 19

the ability of the physicians to diagnose and treat health problems effectively.

Question 20

It can be argued that those people who use

Answer 20

the health care system have as great an influence on the system as those who provide health care.

Question 21

The demographic characteristics

Answer 21

of any population have a huge impact on health and therefore on health care.

Question 22

Health behaviors are among the determinants of health.

Answer 22

They include nutrition; physical activity, tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use; safety practices such as using seatbelts, and other behaviors.

Question 23

Good nutrition, physical activity, and a healthy body weight are essential parts of a person’s overall health and well being.

Answer 23

Together these can help decrease a person’s risk of developing serious health conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer. A healthful diet, regular physical activity, and achieving and maintaining a healthy weight also are paramount to managing health conditions so they do not worsen over time. Most Americans, however, do not eat a healthful diet and are not physically active at levels needed to maintain proper health.

Question 24

If we focus on obesity as one leg of this tripod

Answer 24

nutrition, physical activity, and healthy weight- the variation by demographic characteristics is evident. There are substantial differences in the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents by poverty and among adults by race and ethnicity. Obesity is highly related to both demographic factors with obesity being more prevalent among poor children and adolescents and among non-White adults

Question 25

Major building blocks or components that ideally function as described by the WHO (world health organization)

Answer 25

Good health services are those that deliver effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions to those who need them, when and where needed, with minimum waste of resources A well-performing health workforce is one that works in ways that are responsive fair, and efficient to achieve the best health outcomes possible, given available to resources and circumstances A well functioning health system ensures equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines, and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy, and co effectiveness, and their scientifically sound and cost-effective use Leadership and governance involves ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective oversight, coalition-building, regulation, attention to system-design, and accountability A good health financing system raises adequate funds for health in ways that ensure people can use needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them. It provides incentives for providers and users to be efficient. A well-functioning health information system is one that ensures the production, analysis, determination, and use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health system performance, and health status.

Question 26

The six components of the health care system

Answer 26

facilities ,workforce, medical products, leadership and governance, financing mechanisms, and information systems for performance of the population served.

Question 27

There is a broad range of social classes with large income differentials that are becoming wider over time.

Answer 27

Unfortunately the US has a greater disparity between the rich and poor than all the Western European countries and Japan. The disparities ad complexity and fragmentation of the U.S. health care system through effects such as differential care, payment issues, cost sharing and access problems.

Question 28

Because of baby boomers becoming older

Answer 28

health care consumption patterns that had remained fairly constant over time have moved unevenly in the direction of elder care. Physicians spend more time providing services for the elderly. Health care expenditures are also expected to increase because of the growing elderly population, putting greater pressure on Medicaid and Medicare to provide services for the increasingly large retired population.

Question 29

Medical products required for diagnosis and treatment in the health care system

Answer 29

Categorized as prescription drugs, the largest of the categories; durable medical equipment; and other, non durable, medical products. These items range from gauze pads, hospital furniture, sterile needles, laboratory chemicals and anesthetic gases to diagnostic imaging and laboratory equipment, surgical instruments, orthopedic appliances, eyeglasses, hearing aids, and prostheses.

Question 30

U.S health care system unique. U.S. has no national Ministry of Health or its equivalent, playing a central role in either the operation or the financing of health services delivery.

Answer 30

In the other industrialized countries, even if a ministry does not provide health care services directly at the least is creates and supervises the structure within which the system functions, and it customarily runs the national organization that pays for health care at the personal, institutional, and community wide levels. Thus in the US the health care system is more decentralized and private than the systems in other Westernized countries.