Chapter 1

Question 1

Movement

Answer 1

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

Question 3

Sensitivity

Answer 3

The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

Question 4

Growth

Answer 4

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

Question 5

Reproduction

Answer 5

The processes that make

more of the same kind of organism.

Question 6

Excretion

Answer 6

Removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements or the removal of metabolic waste.

Question 7

Nutrition

Answer 7

Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water

Question 8

Reproduction

Answer 8

the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

Question 9

How can organisms be classified into groups?

Answer 9

by the features that they share

Question 10

Species

Answer 10

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 11

binomial system

Answer 11

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species.

Question 12

How is classification traditionally based?

Answer 12

They are based in the morphology, the outward appearance of an organism, and the anatomy, the internal structure of an organism.

Question 13

How do classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships?

Answer 13

animals with the same evolutionary relationships demonstrate similar characteristics in the the classification systems which suggests that they come from one ancestor and branched out from there. Eg: humans and apes, frogs and toads, moles and elephants, rats and mice, foxes and dogs, lions and cats

Question 14

What is a more accurate means of classification?

Answer 14

Analysis of the sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins better show classification because the DNA and proteins formed are somewhat unique to each species so it is more accurate to classify certain organism by doing this.

Question 15

Why is it that organisms which share a more recent ancestor have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor?

Answer 15

Animals that share a more recent ancestor have similar base sequences in DNA than those with distant ancestors because there hasn’t been as much time for them to evolve separately, especially if they live in similar habitats because then they will need similar features to survive

Question 16

List the features in the cells of all living organisms

Answer 16

There is a cytoplasm, a cell membrane, ribosomes for protein synthesis, enzymes involved in respiration and DNA as genetic material in all living organisms

Question 17

List the main features used to place animals into the appropriate kingdoms

Answer 17

Animals:

• cell membrane
• nucleus
• nucleolus
• cytoplasm
• DNA
• mitochondria
• Rough ER

Question 18

List the main features used to place plants into the appropriate kingdoms

Answer 18

Plants:

• cell membrane
• nucleus
• nucleolus
• cytoplasm
• chloroplasts
• Rough ER
• cell wall
• sap vacuole

Question 19

List the main features used to place myriapods into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 19

(centipedes and millipedes) long bodies made up of many segments, they have a thorax and abdomen, one or two pair legs per each segment,

Question 20

List the main features used to place insects into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 20

it has a head, thorax and abdomen, 3 legs and many have 2 pairs of wings, 1 pair of antennae, compound eyes, they breathe through spiracles, some can fly, they are covered by a waterproof cuticle

Question 21

List the main features used to place arachnids into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 21

they have a cephalothorax and abdomen, 4 pairs of legs, no wings, no antennae, simple eyes, they paralyse their prey with poison fangs, some can weave webs

Question 22

List the main features used to place crustaceans into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 22

they have a cephalothorax and abdomen, chalky exoskeleton, 2 pairs of antennae and compound eyes, they have 5-20 pairs of legs, they breathe using gills, most live in water, but some stay on land and go back to the water to breed

Question 23

List the main features used to place mammals into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 23

Have hair or fur, fertilisation and development is internal, young suckle the mammary glands for milk, use lungs for breathing, homeothermic

Question 24

List the main features used to place birds into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 24

Have feathers, front limbs modified as wings, most can fly, do not have teeth but beaks, fertilisation is internal and development is outside, homeothermic

Question 25

List the main features used to place reptiles into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 25

have dry, scaly skin to cut down water loss, can live in dry regions but return to water to breed, fertilisation is internal and development is external, have lungs to breath.

Question 26

List the main features used to place fish into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 26

have scales, most fish live in water permanently, they are streamlined, they have fins, they have eyes and a literal line to detect change in pressure, they breathe dissolved oxygen through their gills, they have ears, four limbs but legless

Question 27

List the main features used to place amphibians into groups within the animal kingdom

Answer 27

have smooth, moist skin, live on land but return to water to breed, fertilisation is external and development is external, they have lungs but can breathe through their skin in the water

Question 28

List the main features used to place all organisms into animals, Protoctist

Answer 28

multicellular organisms, have more compact bodies than plants, growth occurs throughout the body, do not photosynthesise, obtain food by eating other plants and animals, animal cells do not have cell walls, chloroplasts or large vacuoles, all animals have a nerve system

Question 29

List the main features used to place all organisms into plant

Answer 29

multicellular organisms, their roots spread out in the soil, they grow leaves to absorb light for photosynthesis, growth occurs in only special places, reproduce via seeds and spores, they get their food from the sun

Question 30

List the main features used to place all organisms into fungus

Answer 30

Most are multicellular but some are single celled, each has a nucleus and cell wall made of chitin, do not have chlorophyll and do not photosynthesis, main body called mycelium consisting of a branching network of hyphae which grows over food, it releases enzymes which digest the food outside the body, then absorbed by hyphae, reproduce via spores, most are saprotrophs some are parasites, you can not really see them

Question 31

List the main features used to place all organisms into prokaryote

Answer 31

have a simple cell structure, some are spherical some are rod-shaped, many exist in short chain of cells, most are really small, they have cell walls, some are surrounded by slime capsules, no nucleus, they have plasmids, no chloroplasts or mitochondria, some have a flagella to move in other fluids,

Question 32

List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom

Answer 32

``` monocotelydens: have parallel veins long narrow leaves some have a variety of leaf shapes the parts of the flower are in multiples of 3 have 1 cotyledons ``` dicotyledons: broad network of branching veins the parts of the flower like the stamens are in multiples of 4 or 5 have 2 cotyledons

Question 33

List the features of viruses

Answer 33

Viruses are not living, they are particles made up of genetic material in a protein coat. they are parasites. they classification comes to what type of genetic material and protein coat they have.

Question 34

Construct and use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features

Answer 34

just learn to do it.