Chapter 1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is developmental science
A
Interdisciplinary scientific field that synthesizes perspectives from biology, psychology, and sociology to understand behavioral and psychological aspects of human development
2
Q
What are the five periods in developmental science
A
Prenatal period, infancy+toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence,
emerging adulthood
3
Q
What is the timespan for prenatal period
A
conception to birth
4
Q
Timespan for infancy + toddlerhood
A
Birth - 2
5
Q
Early childhood timespan
A
3-6
6
Q
Middle childhood timespan
A
6-12
7
Q
Adolescence timespan
A
12-18
8
Q
Emerging adulthood timespan
A
most of 20s
9
Q
What are the four major areas of development
A
Social, emotional, cognitive, physical
10
Q
Social, cognitive, emotional, physical
A
Major areas of development
11
Q
What shapes deveopment
A
Physical environment, cultural beliefs, family and peers, neighborhoods and communities, institutions
12
Q
What did medieval europe see children as
A
Miniature adults
13
Q
What did the protestant reformation see children as doing
A
Harsh child-rearing practices
14
Q
What was the time period that was the rise of developmental science
A
Industrial revolution
15
Q
How did the industrial revolution change life
A
Altered family life, education, work
16
Q
What was the beginnings of developmental science
A
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution with Origin of Species
17
Q
When did developmental science become a recognized field
A
Early 20th century
18
Q
Psychologists of Early 20th century
A
Freud, Watson, Piaget, Vygotsky
19
Q
What are the fundamental issues that developmental science research goes through
A
Sources of development, plasticity, continuity/discontinuity, individual difference
20
Q
What are sources of development theories
A
Nature v Nurture
21
Q
What is plasticity
A
Points when course if development can be altered
22
Q
What is continuity/discontinuity
A
Change in stages and abrupt or incremental and continuous
23
Q
What is individual difference
A
What makes one person similar to or different from another person
24
Q
What does Nature refer to
A
Person’s inherited predispositions
25
What are the early creators of Nature theory
Herrnestein and Murray
26
What does Nurture refer to
Influences on the individual of the social and cultural environment and of the individual’s experience
27
The early creators of Nurture theory
Watson and Skinner
28
What is the deeper meaning behind Nurture vs Nature
Importance of biology and environment
29
What is plasticity
To what degree, and under what conditions is development open to change and intervention
Can the course or trajectory of development be altered at any point
30
When does plasticity have the greatest impact
Sensitive periods
31
What are sensitive periods
Time in an organisms’s development when a particular experience has an especially profound effect
32
What is an example of something learned that will have large effect during sensitive periods
Language Development
33
What is the critical period
Period where specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur
34
Example of critical period occurrnce
Imprinting
35
What does continuity and discontinuity question
To what extent does development consist of the gradual accumulation of small changes, and to what extent does it involve abrupt transformations, or stages
36
What does continuity/discontinuity examine
Qualitative change v quantitative change
37
What is continuous development apart of what fundamental issue
Continuity/Discontinuity
38
What is continuous deveopment
Consisting of the gradual accumulation of small changes
39
How does continuous development change
Increase in the same capacity not transformation
| Quantitative changes
40
What does discontinuity involve
Series of abrupt radical transformations
41
What is discontinuity
Qualitative changes involving transformation of previous state or stage such that the previous stage is inaccessible in the subsequent/advanced stage
42
What type of change does continuous development involve
Quantitative change
43
What type of change does discontinuity have
Qualitative changes
44
What is discontinuity referred as
Developmental stages
45
What type of developmental stage does starfishes have
Development continuity
46
What development stages does Mayfly have
Developmental discontinuity
47
What questions does individual differences make
What combination of nature and nuture makes individuals different from one another
48
What are some combinations of nature and nurture
Multifinality and Equifinality
49
What does multifinality do
Start in/with same places/contexts/experiences but end up in different places (siblings reared in the same home)
50
What is the definition of equifinality
Start/in with different places/contexts/experiences but end up in same place (children with different SES attaining the same college degree)
51
To what extent are individual characteristics stable
Individual differences questions
52
What are the central questions of developmental science reflected
In the way parents and practitioners interpret children’s behavior
53
What are central questions in developmental science
Nature/nurture, continuity/discontinuity, individual differences, plasticity
54
What is a theory
A broad conceptual framework to guide the collection and interpretation of facts
55
A reciprocal relation between empirical observation and theory
Theory
56
How is development approached
From several theoretical perspectives
57
What are the theoretical perspectives
Four grand theories
| Four modern theories
58
What are the four grand theories
Psychodynamic
Behaviorism
Piaget Constructivist
Vygotsky sociocultural
59
What is psychodynamic theories
Theories exploring the influence on development and developmental stages of the universal biological drives and life experiences of individuals
60
Theories exploring the influence on development and developmental stages of the universal biological drives and life experiences of individuals
Psychodynamic theories
61
Who are the key psychodynamic theorists
Frued and Erikson
62
Which person said psychosexual stages are associated with the changing focus of the sex drive
Freud
63
Which person said psychosocial stages are associated with tasks or crises shapes by social and cultural factors
Erikson
64
What is behaviorism
Theories that focus on development as the result of learning, behavioral changes resulting from the individual’s forming associations between behavior and consequences
65
Who are the three key learning theorists
Watson
Thorndike
Skinner
66
What is Piaget’s Constructivist Theory
Cognitive development results from children’s active construction of reality based on their experiences with the world
67
What are concepts of Piaget’s theory
Children progress thru universal stages of cognitive development
During mastery of environment, they change their schemas thru adaptation
68
The most basic unit of cognitive functioning
Schema
69
What are the four stages of the constructivist theory
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
70
What happens during sensorimotor
Infant coordination of sensory perceptions and simple motor behaviors
71
What happens in preoperational behavior
Symbols thru mental images, words, and gestures but can be confused about casual relations
72
What happens in concrete operational
Capable of mental operations, actions that fit logical system
Allows children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions
73
Why are the operations considered concrete
They are carried out in the presence of the objects and events
74
What happens in formal operational stage
Acquires ability to think systematically about all logical relations within a problem
Keen on abstract ideas and process of thinking itself
75
What is Vygotsky’s theory
On role of culture in development and on children learning thru finely tuned interactions with others who are more competent
76
What is the zone of proximal development
Gap between what children can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish when interacting with others who are more competent
77
What are the four modern theories
Evolutionary, social learning, information-processing, systems
78
What is the evolutionary theory
Look at how human characteristics contributed to the survival of the species and to how out evolutionary past influences individual development
79
Social Learning Theory
Theories that focus on learning of associations between behaviors and their consequences but emphasize learning that occurs through the observation of and interaction with others
80
What is information processing theory
Look at how children process, store, organize, retrieve, and manipulate information in increasingly efficient ways
Like computer processing
81
What is systems theory
Theories that envision development in terms of complex wholes made up prts and that explore how these wholes and their parts are organized and interact over time
82
What are two system theories
Dynamic systems
| Ecological systems
83
What is dynamic systems theory
Focuses on development of new systems of behavior from the interaction of less complex parts
84
What is ecological systems theory
Focuses on organization of the environmental contexts within which children develop
85
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system
Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems,
| macrosystems
86
What ate three goals of developmental research
Badic, applied, action research
87
What is basic research
Designed to advance scientific knowledge of human development
88
What is applied research
Designed to answer practical questions related to improving children’s lives and experiences
89
What is action research
Designed to provide data that can be used in social policy decision making
90
What are the criteria for developmental research
```
Objectivity
Reliability
Replicability
Validity
Ethically Sound
```
91
What are the methods of data collection
Naturalistic Observation
Experiments
Clinical interviews
92
What is naturalistic observation
Involves watching children in the course of their everyday lives and recording what happens
93
What are experiments
Consisting of introducing some changes in a group’s experience and measuring effects on the group’s members, who are compared to group who got nothing
94
What is clinical interview
Allows researchers to tailor data collection to each research participant
95
Advantages of naturalistic observation
Direct way to gather objective info to reveal complexity of behavior
96
Con of Naturalistic Observation
People may behave differently under observation
97
Pro and con of experiment
Best method of testing causal hypotheses
May behave differently in experimental setting
98
What are pros and cons of clinical method
Possible to probe the child’s way of thinking, to discover patterns
Reliance on verbal expression makes inappropriate for young children
99
What are the different research designs
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cohort sequential
Microgenetic
100
Longitudinal
Study same people over period of time
101
Cross sectional
Studies children of different ages at single time
102
Cohort sequential design
Combines longitudinal and cross sectional by studying several cohorts over time
103
Microgenetic design
Studies same children over short period of rapid change
104
Pros and cons of longitudinal
Possible to discover patterns of continuity
Expense, will cause drop out
Risk of confounding age differences with cohort differences
105
Pros and cons of cross sectional
Less time consuming and expensive
Disconnected snapshots, requiring inferences about processes of change
If groups differ other than in age, risk confounding age differences with those differences
106
Pros and cons of cohort sequential
Age related factors in change can be separated from cohort factors
Disadvantages of the longitudinal and cross sectional design
107
Pros and cons of microgenetic
Provides record of change revealing change processes
