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Anatomy Neuro Chapter 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is a

A

Complex system composed of brain, spinal cord and associated nerves, processes, and ganglia

  • It regulates & coordinate all systems in the body
  • Enable us to interact & respond to external & internal stimuli
  • Three overlapping functions
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2
Q

What are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory input – Monitor changes inside & outside of the body
  2. Integration - Processes & interprets the sensory input and makes decision as to what to do
  3. Motor output – a response issued from integration in which an effector organ (muscle, tissue) is activated and causes a response
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3
Q

What are the two major anatomical

subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous
    System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous
    System
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4
Q

The central nervous system consists of the-

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

The CNS is responsible for

A 
Integrating and command 
center of the nervous 
system
• Interprets incoming 
sensory info and dictates 
a response
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6
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System:

A
  • Carries impulses to and from the CNS
  • Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS
  • Has two functional subdivisions
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7
Q

Two functional subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System:

A
  1. Sensory/afferent – nerve fibers that convey impulses from sensory receptors throughout the body → CNS
    - Somatic afferents – transmitting impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
    - Visceral afferents – transmitting impulses from visceral organs
  2. Motor/efferent – never fibers that transmit impulses from the CNS → effector organs, muscles, and glands
    - Somatic nervous system – voluntary
    - Autonomic nervous system - involuntary
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8
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into:

A

Sensory division and Motor division

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9
Q

Sensory division of the PNS is divided into the:

A

Visceral sensory divison

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10
Q

Nervous system is a complex system composed of:

A

Brain, spinal cord and associated nerves, processes, and ganglia

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11
Q

The Nervous System is divided into the:

A

sensory and motor nervous system

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12
Q

The Sensory Nervous system transmits informations from:

A

receptors to CNS

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13
Q

The Motor Nervous system transmits informations from

A

CNS to the rest of the body

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14
Q

The Nervous tissue is made up of 2 types of principle cells

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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15
Q

Neurons

A

Functional cells of nervous system. Excitable
nerve cells that transmit signals. Secrete
neurotransmitters and hormones:
-Extreme longevity
-Amitotic
-High metabolic rate

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16
Q

Neurons are classified by

A

Structure - number of processes extending from the cell body

Function - what direction the impulse travels relative to the CNS

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17
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells. Each has unique function.

-4 types in CNS, 2 types in Peripheral NS

18
Q

Define the structure of a neuron

A
  • Cell Body (soma)
  • Processes
    - Dendrites
  • Axon
19
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

clusters are called: nuclei, ganglia

20
Q

Processes

A

Dendrites- receives signals from other neurons; conduct info towards neuron;
Multiple, short, branched extensions of the cell body

21
Q

Axon

A

generates and transmits impulses from the body- synapse

22
Q

Components of the axon

A

Myelin sheath
Axon hillock
Axon terminals

23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Helps protect and insulate nerve fibers

Higher speed of transmission of nerve impulse

24
Q

Structural classification of Neurons

A
  • Multipolar
  • Structural: have three or more processes
  • Major type in the CNS (About 99%)
  • Bipolar-
  • Structural: have 2 processes, on opposite sides
  • Rare; found in special sense organs
  • Unipolar
  • Structural: have single, short process, divides T-like into proximal & distal fibers
  • First order sensory neurons
  • Distal often associated with a sensory receptors
25
Q

Multipolar neurons are found as:

A

Motor and interneurons

26
Q

Bipolar neurons (rare) are only found in the:

A

Eye and ear

27
Q

Unipolar neurons are found at the:

A

receptor and axon leads to the spinal cord or brain

28
Q

Most of the body’s sensory neurons are

A

unipolar neurons

29
Q

Functional classification of Neurons

A

*Sensory/afferent neurons
-Transport signals from sensory
receptors in skin, visceral organs
-Primary/first-order
-Secondary/second or third order
*Association/interneurons
-Lie between motor and sensory
neurons
-Transport signals, typically through CNS
*Motor/efferent neurons
-Carry impulses away from the CNS to
the effector (muscle, gland)
-Cell bodies usually in CNS
-Upper-motor neurons – neurons located
within the brain
-Lower motor neurons – motor neurons whose
axons exit the CNS & run in peripheral nerves

30
Q

List the 4 supporting cells in the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
31
Q

Star shaped cells that anchor neurons, help maintain BBB and control the chemical environment

A

Astrocytes

32
Q

Small ovid cells with long thorny processes

-that monitors the health of nearby neurons

A

Microglia

33
Q

Can transform into a type of macrophage

A

Microglia

34
Q

These cells have fewer branches compared to astrocytes;

-wrap axons in a myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

35
Q

Cells range in shape

  • have cilia
  • line central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
A

Ependymal

36
Q

Supporting cells of the PNS

A

• Satellite cells – flat.
- Surround neuron cells bodies within ganglia
- Play some role in controlling the chemical environment
• Schwann cells
- Surround and form coverings around the larger nerve
fibers in Peripheral NS.
- Nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

Cells responsible for the production of myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

38
Q

These cells surround and form coverings around the larger nerve fibers in Peripheral NS

A

Schwann cells

39
Q

These cells surround neuron cells bodies within ganglia

A

Satellite cells-flat

40
Q

The PNS is composed of:

A 
Sensory/Receptors
-Somatic afferent
-Visceral afferent
Nerves & Associated Ganglia
-Cranial Nerves
-Spinal Nerves
-Peripheral Nerves
-Ganglia
Efferent Motor Endings
-Two divisions: 
-Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System

Anatomy Neuro Chapter 1 (1 decks)

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