Chapter 1

Question 1

The nervous system is a

Answer 1

Complex system composed of brain, spinal cord and associated nerves, processes, and ganglia

• It regulates & coordinate all systems in the body
• Enable us to interact & respond to external & internal stimuli
• Three overlapping functions

Question 2

What are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

1. Sensory input – Monitor changes inside & outside of the body
2. Integration - Processes & interprets the sensory input and makes decision as to what to do
3. Motor output – a response issued from integration in which an effector organ (muscle, tissue) is activated and causes a response

Question 3

What are the two major anatomical

subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 3

1. Central Nervous
   System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous
   System

Question 4

The central nervous system consists of the-

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord

Question 5

The CNS is responsible for

Answer 5

Integrating and command 
center of the nervous 
system
• Interprets incoming 
sensory info and dictates 
a response

Question 6

The Peripheral Nervous System:

Answer 6

• Carries impulses to and from the CNS
• Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS
• Has two functional subdivisions

Question 7

Two functional subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System:

Answer 7

1. Sensory/afferent – nerve fibers that convey impulses from sensory receptors throughout the body → CNS
   - Somatic afferents – transmitting impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
   - Visceral afferents – transmitting impulses from visceral organs
2. Motor/efferent – never fibers that transmit impulses from the CNS → effector organs, muscles, and glands
   - Somatic nervous system – voluntary
   - Autonomic nervous system - involuntary

Question 8

The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into:

Answer 8

Sensory division and Motor division

Question 9

Sensory division of the PNS is divided into the:

Answer 9

Visceral sensory divison

Question 10

Nervous system is a complex system composed of:

Answer 10

Brain, spinal cord and associated nerves, processes, and ganglia

Question 11

The Nervous System is divided into the:

Answer 11

sensory and motor nervous system

Question 12

The Sensory Nervous system transmits informations from:

Answer 12

receptors to CNS

Question 13

The Motor Nervous system transmits informations from

Answer 13

CNS to the rest of the body

Question 14

The Nervous tissue is made up of 2 types of principle cells

Answer 14

Neurons and neuroglia

Question 15

Neurons

Answer 15

Functional cells of nervous system. Excitable
nerve cells that transmit signals. Secrete
neurotransmitters and hormones:
-Extreme longevity
-Amitotic
-High metabolic rate

Question 16

Neurons are classified by

Answer 16

Structure - number of processes extending from the cell body

Function - what direction the impulse travels relative to the CNS

Question 17

Neuroglia

Answer 17

Supporting cells. Each has unique function.

-4 types in CNS, 2 types in Peripheral NS

Question 18

Define the structure of a neuron

Answer 18

• Cell Body (soma)
• Processes
  - Dendrites
• Axon

Question 19

Cell body (soma)

Answer 19

clusters are called: nuclei, ganglia

Question 20

Processes

Answer 20

Dendrites- receives signals from other neurons; conduct info towards neuron;
Multiple, short, branched extensions of the cell body

Question 21

Axon

Answer 21

generates and transmits impulses from the body- synapse

Question 22

Components of the axon

Answer 22

Myelin sheath
Axon hillock
Axon terminals

Question 23

Myelin sheath

Answer 23

Helps protect and insulate nerve fibers

Higher speed of transmission of nerve impulse

Question 24

Structural classification of Neurons

Answer 24

• Multipolar
• Structural: have three or more processes
• Major type in the CNS (About 99%)
• Bipolar-
• Structural: have 2 processes, on opposite sides
• Rare; found in special sense organs
• Unipolar
• Structural: have single, short process, divides T-like into proximal & distal fibers
• First order sensory neurons
• Distal often associated with a sensory receptors

Question 25

Multipolar neurons are found as:

Answer 25

Motor and interneurons

Question 26

Bipolar neurons (rare) are only found in the:

Answer 26

Eye and ear

Question 27

Unipolar neurons are found at the:

Answer 27

receptor and axon leads to the spinal cord or brain

Question 28

Most of the body's sensory neurons are

Answer 28

unipolar neurons

Question 29

Functional classification of Neurons

Answer 29

*Sensory/afferent neurons -Transport signals from sensory receptors in skin, visceral organs -Primary/first-order -Secondary/second or third order *Association/interneurons -Lie between motor and sensory neurons -Transport signals, typically through CNS *Motor/efferent neurons -Carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector (muscle, gland) -Cell bodies usually in CNS -Upper-motor neurons – neurons located within the brain -Lower motor neurons – motor neurons whose axons exit the CNS & run in peripheral nerves

Question 30

List the 4 supporting cells in the CNS

Answer 30

1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal 4. Oligodendrocytes

Question 31

Star shaped cells that anchor neurons, help maintain BBB and control the chemical environment

Answer 31

Astrocytes

Question 32

Small ovid cells with long thorny processes | -that monitors the health of nearby neurons

Answer 32

Microglia

Question 33

Can transform into a type of macrophage

Answer 33

Microglia

Question 34

These cells have fewer branches compared to astrocytes; | -wrap axons in a myelin sheath

Answer 34

oligodendrocytes

Question 35

Cells range in shape - have cilia - line central cavities of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 35

Ependymal

Question 36

Supporting cells of the PNS

Answer 36

• Satellite cells – flat. - Surround neuron cells bodies within ganglia - Play some role in controlling the chemical environment • Schwann cells - Surround and form coverings around the larger nerve fibers in Peripheral NS. - Nodes of Ranvier

Question 37

Cells responsible for the production of myelin in the PNS

Answer 37

Schwann Cells

Question 38

These cells surround and form coverings around the larger nerve fibers in Peripheral NS

Answer 38

Schwann cells

Question 39

These cells surround neuron cells bodies within ganglia

Answer 39

Satellite cells-flat

Question 40

The PNS is composed of:

Answer 40

``` Sensory/Receptors -Somatic afferent -Visceral afferent Nerves & Associated Ganglia -Cranial Nerves -Spinal Nerves -Peripheral Nerves -Ganglia Efferent Motor Endings -Two divisions: -Somatic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System ```