Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is nutrition?
A
The science that studies food, how food nourishes the body and influence our health.
2
Q
What is nutrition science?
A
Factors that influence eating patterns, the recommended amount to eat, and address food safety and global food supply.
3
Q
What does nutrition supports?
A
Health and wellness
4
Q
What is wellness?
A
A life long process of physical, emotional, spiritual health, social health, occupational.
5
Q
What influence physical health?
A
Nutrition and physical activity.
6
Q
Describe how proper nutrition is important.
A
Impacts wellness, physical activities, health, eating patterns.
7
Q
What are four diseases associated with poor nutrition?
A
Diabetes, stroke, some forms of cancer, and heart disease.
8
Q
What are nutrients?
A
Chemicals that are found in food or beverages that are critical for human growth and functioning.
9
Q
What are the six groups of nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water.
10
Q
What do carbohydrates, fats, and proteins have in common?
A
The only nutrients that provides energy in foods.
11
Q
What are macronutrients?
A
Nutrients that produce energy to maintain the body’s structure and systems.
12
Q
Name three types of macronutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
13
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
nutrients that fuel the brain.
14
Q
What is protein?
A
It grow, build, and repair tissue, and protect muscles mass.
15
Q
What is fat?
A
Store energy, cushion for organs, make hormones, absorb fat soluble vitamins, and assist cell membranes.
16
Q
Name three types of Fat.
A
Trans fat, saturated fat, and unsaturated fat.
17
Q
What are vitamins?
A
Carbons that assist with regulating the processes of the human body.
18
Q
What 5 roles does vitamins play in this human body?
A
Build and maintain healthy bones, blood, muscle tissue, maintain vision, and supports the immune system to fight off diseases.
19
Q
State the two groups of vitamins.
A
Water soluble and fat soluble.
20
Q
What are minerals?
A
Chemical elements that assist the body with developing and functioning.
21
Q
What is water?
A
A nutrient that is vital for survival.
22
Q
What is a healthful diet?
A
Provides nutrients and energy.
23
Q
What are the characteristics of a healthful diet?
A
Adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied.
24
Q
What cause people to seek food?
A
Hunger and appetite.
25
What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
Hunger is a desire that occurs when the body sense it needs to eat, and appetite is a desire for specific foods.
26
What organ cause the body to seek food?
The brain
27
What part of the brain cause the body to feel hungry?
Hypothalamus.
28
What are hormones?
Several glands that release chemicals into the bloodstream.
29
What two hormones communicates from both stomach and small intestine to the brain when the body is hungry?
Insulin and glucose.
30
Name four environmental factors influence appetite?
Sensory data, social, culture cues, and learning.
31
Define metabolism.
A chemical reactions that change food into energy.
32
What are cells?
Small units of matter.
33
What is digestion
The process of foods broken down into mechanically molecules or chemical molecules.
34
Define absorption?
The process of digested foods that travel through the intestine wall.
35
What is elimination?
The elimination of food and waste from the body
36
Where does the elimination of food occurs I the body?
The GI tract.
37
What are sphincters?
Tight muscle rings that opens when food is ready to past into the next section.
38
What are accessory organs?
Four organs that assist the process of digestion.
39
Where is the salivary gland?
Behind the tongue and beneath the jaw.
40
What are enzymes?
Proteins that induce chemical changes to speed up the body process.
41
Define esophagus.
A tube that pushes food towards the stomach.
42
Define the stomach
An organ that expand in some people to hold several cups of food.
43
What are food intolerance symptoms and why?
Gas, pain, and diarrhea from offending foods.
44
What are food allergies?
When the immune system over reacts to food that contain proteins.
45
Define Celiac disease.
An immune disease that damages the lining of the small intestine by interfering with the absorption of nutrients.
46
What are simple carbohydrates?
Consist of six Sugars.
47
What is fructose?
Natural sugars that are found in fruit.
48
What is sucrose?
A sugar that is sweeter because it contains lactose and maltose
49
What is lactose?
Milk sugar
50
What is glucose?
Abundant sugar that gives the brain and cells energy.
51
What is starch?
A molecules that bonded together that’s stored in plants.
52
What is fiber?
A part of carbohydrate plants that not digestible.
53
What is the difference between dietary fiber and functional fiber?
Dietary fiber are naturally in foods, and functional fiber is added from manufactures or from supplements.
54
What is total fiber?
Foods that contains both dietary fiber and functional fiber.
55
What’s the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?
Soluble fibers dissolve in water and are easily digested, and insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is not digested easily,
56
What breaks down protein?
Gluconeogenesis
57
What does the salivary amylase do?
Breaks starch down into smaller particles.
58
What does the pancreatic amylase do?
The pancreas release enzymes into the small intestine.
59
What does insulin do to the body?
It increases the movement of glucose from the inside of the cell to the cell membrane.
60
What role does glucagon play in the human body?
It coverts stored glycogen into glucose and transported to the cells for energy.
61
What cause hypoglycemia?
Excessive production of insulin.
62
What is the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load?
Glycemic index raises blood glucose and insulin levels, and the glycemic load are carbohydrates that are multiplied by glycemic index number.
63
Why do carbohydrates cause cavities and gum diseases?
Because carbohydrates produce acids that destroy tissues.
64
High sugar intake cause what two diseases?
Diabetes and obesity
65
What are the three added sugars?
Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, added sugars, and syrups.
66
What do whole grain products consist of and or provides?
Lower glycemic index and provides more fiber.
67
When increasing your fiber intake why is it important to drink more water?
Because it soften stools.
68
Name 4 nutritive sweeteners?
Sucrose, fructose, honey and brown sugar
69
Products that provide little to no energy are called…
Non-nutritive or alternative sweetness.
70
What does (ADI) stand for?
Acceptable Daily Intake.
71
What are (ADI) Acceptable Daily Intakes?
The amount of sugar a person can consume over the duration of a life time without adverse effects.
72
Define diabetes?
When the body can no longer regulate glucose.
73
Whats the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1:When the pancreas produce little to no insulin.
| Type 2: when body cells are resistant or less responsive to insulin.
74
What is pre diabetes also known as impaired fasting glucose?
When insulin levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes type 2
75
How can type 2 diabetes be treated?
Losing weight, establishing healthy eating patterns, and exercising regularly.
76
What type of food should people with diabetes eat and why?
More fat or protein to regulate their glucose levels.
77
What trigger type 2 diabetes?
Obesity.
78
What are fats?
A form of a large and diverse group of lipids
79
What are lipids?
Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water.
80
What are lipid found?
In living things such as plants, animals, and humans.
81
Why are trans fats harmful to human’s health?
Because trans fats change the way cell membranes function and reduce the removal of cholesterol from the blood.
82
What are essential fatty acids?
Two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids
83
The body cannot make polyunsaturated fatty acids and must be consumed in people diet. True or False.
True.
84
What is Linoleic acid?
A type of omega-6 fatty acid.
85
What is sterol?
A ring structure lipid that’s found in the body and foods.
86
What is cholesterol?
Lipids that contain multiple ring structures.
87
Name 3 fatty parts of animal products that contain cholesterol?
Egg yolks, meats, and dairy products.
88
What is hydrogenation?
It straightens out fatty acid chains of vegetable oils.
89
What does hydrogenation do?
It makes liquid fat more solid and saturated at room temperature.
90
How to determine if margarine butter is free of trans fatty acids on its label?
When label has partially no hydrogenated oil.
91
Dietary fat provides energy and helps the body perform essential functions. True or False.
True.
92
What protects the organs when some one falls or are bruised?
Adipose tissue.
93
List five functions of fat.
1. ) Fats provide energy
2. ) Store energy for later use
3. ) Enable the transport of fat-soluble vitamins
4. ) Support body functions and structures
5. ) Contribute to flavor, texture, and satiety of foods.
94
What can’t fat enter the blood stream?
Because fats are not soluble in water.
95
What happens to the fat humans eat?
Fats are digested, transported, and absorbed into the body.
96
Where is access fat stored?
In the adipose tissue.
97
What’s the difference between visible fats and invisible fats?
Visible fats are food we add intentionally, and invisible fats are hidden in food.
98
What is cardiovascular disease?
Any abnormal condition that cause a dysfunction of the heart.
99
How does coronary heart disease occur?
When blood vessels are blocked from supplying the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients.
100
What cause a stroke?
When blood vessels in the brain rupture or are blocked from supplying the brain with oxygen and nutrients.
101
What is high blood pressure aka hypertension?
The blood flow through arteries is above normal.
102
What happens if a person blood pressure is to high?
May have a heart attack or stroke.
103
Name three ways to avoid heart disease.
1. ) Avoid high fat animal products
2. ) Avoid foods that contain vegetable shortening
3. ) Avoid hydrogenated oils
104
Name ways to reduce chances of cardiovascular disease.
1. ) Maintain a healthy body weight.
| 2. ) Avoid tobacco.
105
What are proteins?
Complex molecules found in the cells of all living things.
106
What’s the difference between protein and other macronutrients?
Protein contains nitrogen for the body important processes.
107
What is glucagon?
A protein that regulate blood glucose levels.
108
What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are: Amino acids the body cannot produce and must be obtain from food.
Nonessential amino acids: amino acids the body makes and do not need to be consumed by food.
109
How do the body make nonessential amino acids?
By combining different amino acids and the breakdown products of carbohydrates and fats.
110
What do protein and carbohydrate have in common?
They both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
111
What are proteins made of?
Polypeptide
112
What are polypeptides?
Chains of ten or more linked together by peptide bonds.
113
What is the difference between incomplete proteins and complete proteins?
Incomplete proteins do not contain essential amino acids
| Complete acids contains all essential amino acids.
114
What’s the difference between mutual supplementation and complementary proteins?
Mutual combines two or more incomplete protein source to complete protein.
After complementary proteins are combined it provides all nine essential amino acids.
115
How many essential amino acids a complete protein provides?
Nine.
116
Identify at least four functions of protein in the body.
1. ) Proteins contribute to cell growth, repair and maintenance.
2. ) Proteins act as enzymes and hormones.
3. ) Proteins helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
4. ) Protein transport nutrients and other substance.
117
What are antibodies?
Proteins that defend the body against foreign substances.
118
What is the body primary source of energy?
Carbohydrate and fat.
119
Describe two disorders related to inadequate protein intake.
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
120
What is vegetarianism?
The practice of eating vegetable, fruits, grains, and nuts.
121
What are flexitarians?
People who eat plant based foods, but are flexible about eating meat occasionally.
122
What are three reasons people become vegan?
Because of religion, ethical, and food safety reasons.
