Chapter 1: 1.1 The heart and circulatory system

Question 1

What system is nutrients and waste products supplied and removed by?

Answer 1

Circulatory system

Question 2

what does the heart consist of in regards to chambers?

Answer 2

Two upper small chambers: left and right atria

Two lower larger chambers: ventricles

Question 3

What is the predominant tissue of the heart called? Name both names

Answer 3

Cardiac muscle

Myocardium

Question 4

What is the right hand side of the heart used for?

Answer 4

Receiving blood from the body. The CO2 saturated blood (deoxygenated blood) enters the right atrium through either the inferior or superior vena cava. Its then ejected to the lungs by the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery.

Question 5

What is the left side of the heart used for?

Answer 5

Oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. The left ventricle then ejects blood and O2 via the aorta to the tissues of the body (systemic circulation).

Question 6

Whats the difference between a vein’s job and a arteries job?

Answer 6

Veins carry blood to the heart

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Question 7

What is the job of the hearts valves?

Answer 7

To open and close in response to changes of pressure as the heart contracts and releases.

Question 8

What are the two main valves of the heart?

Answer 8

Artrioventricular valves (AV valves)
Senilunar valves (SL valves)

Question 9

What does AV valves stand for?

Answer 9

Atrioventricular valves

Question 10

What does SL valves stand for?

Answer 10

Semilunar valves

Question 11

What causes the ‘lub-dub’ noises in the heart?

Answer 11

The semilunar vales (SL valves) and antrioventricular valves (AV vlaves) shutting, letting blood through and shutting again.

Question 12

What is the heart’s pacemaker called?

Answer 12

Sinostrial node.

Question 13

What does coronary circulation mean?

Answer 13

Describes the circulation of the blood to the heart.

Question 14

What describes the circulation of the heart?

Answer 14

Coronary circulation

Question 15

What does myocardial ischaemia mean?

Answer 15

The reduction of blood flow to the heart through the coronary circulation which can result in a heart attack.

Question 16

What is the most likely to make the heart fail?

Answer 16

Most heart conditions can be attributed to poor coronary circulation, as a result of:

• blood clots
• fatty plaques building up in the coronary arteries
• or spasms in the smooth muscle.

Question 17

What is vascular disease?

Answer 17

The narrowing of a blood vessel.

Question 18

What are the symptoms of vascular disease?

Answer 18

Reduced ability to exercise, chest pain and heart attacks.

Question 19

What are the causes and effects of atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

Casues:
An inflammation within the vessel subsequently building up mineral, protein and fat deposits which creates plaque on the vessel wall.

Effects:
This restricts or completely prevents blood flow to the tissues and organs which can starve the structures of nutrients and oxygen.

Question 20

What does atherosclerosis mean?

Answer 20

The hardening of arteries.

Question 21

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 21

Translates as strangled chest.

Is when atherosclerosis has happened somewhere in the body which is resulting in the heart being starved of nutrients and oxygen via the blood.

Question 22

How does atherosclerosis occur?

Answer 22

Through family history, lack of exercise, stress, an unhealthy diet, being overweight and smoking.

Question 23

What does a blood pressure test measure?

Answer 23

The force that blood applies to the walls of the arteries as it flows though them. Optimal is: 120/80 mmHg

Systolic blood pressure (SBL):

• The pressure put on the artery walls during the contraction phase of the heartbeat.
• Always the higher number

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP):

• The pressure put on the artery walls during the relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
• Always the smaller number

Question 24

In what unit is a blood pressure test measured?

Answer 24

Millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

Question 25

What instruments is used for a blood pressure test?

Answer 25

Sphygmomanometer

Question 26

# Fill in the blanks: Blood pressure = ............ X ...........

Answer 26

Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

Question 27

How does cardiac output work?

Answer 27

It is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute. (ml/min). The greater the cardiac output, the higher the blood pressure.

Question 28

What is total peripheral resistance?

Answer 28

The resistance the blood vessels offer to blood flow.

Question 29

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 29

A heart attack.

Question 30

What does hypertension mean?

Answer 30

That the blood pressure is consistently higher than a healthy level (120/80) when at rest.

Question 31

What are two of the worlds biggest killers that hypertension causes?

Answer 31

Ischaemic heart diseases (variety of heart conditions like valve disease or myocardial infarction) Cerebrovascular diseases (acute problems such as haemorrhagic, ischaemic strokes, dementia and alzheimers). Retina damage (blindness) Kidney problems.

Question 32

What are the short term effects of exercise on blood pressure?

Answer 32

Increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a possible decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) or the DBP could say the same (especially heavyweight and isometric training / exercise).

Question 33

What are the long term effects of exercise on blood pressure?

Answer 33

Aerobic exercise in rhythmical activity can preduce blood pressure over time.

Question 34

What is the valsalva effect?

Answer 34

When one holds their breath when exercising against the bodies natural exhale

Question 35

If one already has hypertension and regularly uses the valsalva effect, what are the risks?

Answer 35

Increased risk of stroke during and immediately after exercise And An increased risk of myocardial infarction during and immediately after exercise.

Question 36

What is stroke volume?

Answer 36

The amount of blood pumped out with each beat of the heart.

Question 37

What is cardiac output?

Answer 37

The volume of blood pumped around the body per minute.

Question 38

Name three long term changes to the cardiovascular system during physical exercise

Answer 38

Improvement in the efficiency of the heart as a pump during physical exercise which will reflect in: A lower heart rate A greater stroke volume An increase in maximal cardiac output.

Question 39

What are examples of important benefits of aerobic or endurance based training to the cardiovascular system? (9 to get)

Answer 39

- A greater stroke volume - A lower relative exercise heart rate - stronger, more elastic arteries - Lower levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) - Higher levels of good cholesterol - An improved blood supply to the body’s tissues - Higher levels of haemoglobin in the blood, which in turn increases its oxygen-carrying capacity - Improved aerobic capacity (VO2 max) - Lower blood pressure in the long term.