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Biology 111 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 characteristics of all living organisms

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
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2
Q

how many variables at a time must an experiment be designed to test

A

one

variable at a time

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3
Q

inductive reasoning

A

uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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4
Q

deductive reasoning

A

uses general principles to make specific predictions

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5
Q

how are hypotheses changed and refined

A

Hypotheses can be changed and refined with new data

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6
Q

what is the scientific method

A 
– Observation
– Hypothesis formation
– Prediction
– Experimentation
– Conclusion
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7
Q

where do bacteria thrive

A

water, warmth, and darkness

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8
Q

living systems show what organization

A

hierarchical

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9
Q

what does the cellular level consist of

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells

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10
Q

what is the basic unit of life

A

cell

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11
Q

what does the organismal level consist of

A

tissues, organs, organ systems

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12
Q

what are macromolecules

A
  1. proteins (amino acids) are the building blocks of life
  2. carbohydrates (sugar or glucose)
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
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13
Q

population level

A

population, community

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14
Q

earth

A

earth is an ecosystem we call the biosphere

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15
Q

each level of the hierarchical organization has emergent properties

A 
They:
– Result from interaction of components
– Cannot be deduced by looking at parts 
themselves
– “Life” is an emergent property
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16
Q

what reactions make up our body

A

chemical ie. dopamine, cortisol, melatonin

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17
Q

physics

A

the study of natural science (laws of motion, gravity)

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18
Q

what determines what humans can and can’t do

A

the laws of physics

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19
Q

how is science becoming more interdisciplinary

A

by combining multiple fields, such as environmental law (those are two different fields)

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20
Q

how we get energy

A

to chew is mastication; to swallow is mastification

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21
Q

with a prediction, a hypothesis

A

must be rejected if the experiment
produces results inconsistent with the
predictions

22
Q

Reductionism

A

To break a complex process down to its simpler

parts

23
Q

Systems biology

A

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be

understood by looking at simpler parts

24
Q

Systems biology

A

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be

understood by looking at simpler parts

25
Q

Models in science

A

– Way to organize thought
– Parts provided by reductionist approach
– Model shows how they fit together
– Suggest experiments to test the model

26
Q

Scientific theory

A

– Is a body of interconnected concepts
– Is supported by much experimental evidence
and scientific reasoning
– Expresses ideas of which we are most certain

27
Q

charles darwin was a

A

naturalist

28
Q

who did darwin study

A

thomas malthus

29
Q

charles darwin’s work

A

30 years of observation and study before
publishing On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection

30
Q

plants and animals increase ______; humans increase ______

A

geometrically, arithmetically

31
Q

homologous

A

same evolutionary origin, different in structure & function

32
Q

analogous

A

structures of different origins used for the same purpose (butterfly & bird wings)

33
Q

molecular (Genetic/DNA) evidence

A

compares genomes/proteins of different organisms

34
Q

what is cell theory

A

– All organisms composed of cells
– Cells are life’s basic units
– All cells come from preexisting cells

35
Q

gene

A

discrete unit of information

36
Q

genome

A

entire set of DNA instructions

37
Q

zygote

A

sperm fertilize the egg

38
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Bacteria – single-celled prokaryote
Archaea – single-celled prokaryote
Eukarya – single-celled or multicellular eukaryote

39
Q

what are eukarya

A

protista
fungi
plantae
animalae

40
Q

6 kingdoms

A
  1. archaea
  2. bacteria
  3. protista
  4. fungi
  5. plantae
  6. animalae
  7. (in the 90s, monaea)
41
Q

species

A

a group whose members can only reproduce with other members of the group

42
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • two groups of single-celled microorganisms
  • lacks nucleus
  • generally smaller
43
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • all other forms of life..plants, animals, etc.

- contains nucleus

44
Q

dna

A

transcription has the information

45
Q

rna

A

translation decodes the information and makes instructions which translates to proteins

46
Q

Nonequilibrium state

A

– Living systems are open systems
– Constant supply of energy needed
– Self-organizing properties at different levels
– Emergent properties from collections of
molecules, cells, and individuals

47
Q

feedback regulation

A

the output or product of a process regulates that very process

48
Q

negative feedback

A

the most common form of regulation and is a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

49
Q

positive feedback

A

when an end product speeds up its own production

50
Q

cells process

A

environmental info (glucose levels, presence of hormones)

Biology 111 (3 decks)

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