Chapter 1

Question 1

All the individual units of interest based on your question

Answer 1

Population

Question 2

A subset of the population that you are actually testing, representative of the entire population

Answer 2

Sample

Question 3

the study of methods to describe and measure aspects of nature from samples, all about estimation

Answer 3

Statistics

Question 4

testable statement regarding a parameter

Answer 4

Statistical Hypothesis

Question 5

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Answer 5

always states no difference between your groups

Question 6

spread of estimates resulting from chance

Answer 6

Sampling Error

Question 7

Indicates the precision of the estimate

Answer 7

Sampling Error

Question 8

Answer 8

precise, accurate

Question 9

Answer 9

imprecise, accurate

Question 10

Answer 10

inaccurate, precise

Question 11

Answer 11

inaccurate, imprecise

Question 12

Two requirements to reduce bias

Answer 12

1. Every unit in the population must have an equal chance of being included in the sample
2. The selection of units must be independent of another
   (The selection of any one member of the population must in no way influence the selection of any other member)

Question 13

Our sample is unbiased

Answer 13

random sampling

Question 14

a collection of individuals that are easily available to the researcher, biased

Answer 14

Sample of Convenience

Question 15

describe membership (not measuring), qualitative

Answer 15

Categorical Variables

Question 16

2 Types of Categorical Variables

Answer 16

1. Nominal: No order

2. Ordinal: Order

Question 17

measures that have magnitude on a numerical scale (measuring), quantitative

Answer 17

Numerical Variables

Question 18

2 Types of Numerical Variables

Answer 18

1. Continuous: think decimals

2. Discrete: whole numbers

Question 19

Explanatory Variables

Answer 19

Independent, what is manipulated

Question 20

Response Variables

Answer 20

Dependent, what is measured

Question 21

Absolute Frequency

Answer 21

Looking at the absolute numbers

Question 22

Relative Frequency

Answer 22

Looking at the proportion of individuals that fall within a particular category based on the entire study, patterns

Question 23

the number of times each value of a variable occurs in a sample.

Answer 23

Frequency distribution

Question 24

distribution of a variable in the whole population

Answer 24

Probability distribution

Question 25

the distribution in the population is often approximated by a theoretical probability distribution

Answer 25

Normal distribution

Question 26

researcher assigns treatments randomly to individuals

Answer 26

Experimental study

Question 27

the assignment of treatments is not made by the researcher

Answer 27

Observational study

Question 28

The result is that experimental studies can determine cause- and-effect relationships between variables, whereas observational studies can only point to associations, why?

Answer 28

Studies of the health consequences like voluntary cigarette smoking in people are all observational studies, because it is ethically impossible to assign smoking and nonsmoking treatments to people to assess the effects of smoking