chapter 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
Passive Transport
A
- HIGH to LOW
- Higher to lower concentration
- Simple diffusion
2
Q
Active transport
A
- LOW to HIGH
- Movement of molecules/ions against concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration)
- Ion needs to attach itself to protein to move across membrane
3
Q
Difference between Active and Passive Transport
A
- Active uses energy/enzymes while passive doesn’t
- Active is extremely selective, passive is partially non-selective
- Active is affected by temperature while passive isn’t
4
Q
Eukaryotic Cells
A
- Larger (10-100μm)
- Clearly defined nucleus
- Nucleus is where eukaryotes store genetic information
- More complex
- E.g. animal, plant, fungi
- DNA is multiple linear chromosome
- Have a membrane-bound nucleus
5
Q
Prokaryotic Cells
A
- Smaller (1-10μm)
- Lack internal membrane-bound organelles
- No nucleus
- Smaller than eukaryotic
- Singular circular chromosome
- E.g. bacteria
- First organism to inhabit earth
- Don’t have membrane-bound nucleus
6
Q
Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have
A
- Cell membrane
- Nucleic acids (DNA)
- Proteins
- Ribosomes
7
Q
Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
A
- Eukaryotic is large, prokaryotic is small
- Eukaryotic is more complex, Prokaryotic is simpler
- Eukaryotic has membrane-bound organelles, Prokaryotic lacks them
- Eukaryotic DNA is multiple linear chromosome, prokaryotic is singular circular chromosome
- Eukaryotic is more recently evolved, prokaryotic is ancient
8
Q
Cell requirements
A
- Photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation are important energy processes
- MRS GREN
- Movement: plants turn towards the sun, roots into the soil
- Respiration: plants and animals use oxygen to turn food into energy
- Nutrition: food is used to produce energy, plants make own food via sunlight
9
Q
Cell Theory
A
- Cells are the unit of life, all life comes from pre-existing life
- All biological organisms are composed of cells
- Contain genes used as instructions for growth, functioning, and development
- Cell is functioning unit of life, all chemical reactions take place within the cell
10
Q
Differences between Plant and Animal cells
A
- Plant cells contain large singular vacuole, animal cells have many small vacuoles
- Plant cells have a cell wall, animal doesn’t
- Plant cells have chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll), animal cells don’t
- Plant cells have nucleus
- Animal cells are irregular in shape
- Animal cells have complex and prominent golgi
- Animal cells have cytoplasm that fills entire cell
11
Q
Organelles
A
- mitochondria
- golgi
- cell wall
- nucleus
- chloroplast
- ER
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosome
- vacuole
12
Q
Mitochondria
A
Powerhouse of cell, carry out aerobic respiration to produce ATP, where respiration takes place (where energy is made)
13
Q
Golgi
A
Package proteins, sends things to ER, transport to cell membrane for excretion from cell
14
Q
Cell wall
A
strengthen/support cell and maintain shape
15
Q
Nucleus
A
controls cellular processes, coordinate overall function
16
Q
Chloroplast
A
produce glucose and oxygen, site of photosynthesis
17
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
production/synthesis of proteins and lipids, package proteins and lipids
18
Q
Cell membrane
A
Allows certain substances to enter and leave cell, holds cell together
19
Q
Cytoplasm
A
where all chemical reactions take place, suspends organelles
20
Q
Ribosome
A
where protein synthesis takes place, links together amino acids
21
Q
Vacuole
A
contains water, salts, and nutrients for cell, maintains salt and water levels, handles waste (take it in and get rid of it)
22
Q
Osmosis
A
- LOW to HIGH (movement of water from a place of low concentration to high concentration)
- Only occurs in liquid through semi permeable membrane
23
Q
Diffusion
A
- HIGH to LOW until equilibrium is reached
- Doesn’t require semi permeable membrane
- Example of simple diffusion: The blood circulation system takes the oxygen rich blood away and replaces it with blood low in oxygen, but high in carbon dioxide.
24
Q
Semi-permeable
A
- Allowing certain molecules/ions to pass through by osmosis
- Determines whether cell lives, as molecules moving through is important
25
Isotonic
When concentration of water outside of the cell is the same as inside of the cell
26
Hypotonic
- When concentration of water outside cell is higher than inside cell
- Water moves outside to inside
- in water, RBC expands because of LOW to HIGH
27
Hypertonic
- When concentration of water outside cell is lower tan concentration inside cell
- Water moves inside to outside of cell
- in salt water, RBC shrivels because LOW to HIGH
28
Phagocytosis
- Is a mode/type of endocytosis
- Process by which a cell uses its membrane to ingest and eliminate particles larger than 0.5μm
- Uptake of particles, e.g. bacteria
29
Pinocytosis
- Is a mode/type of endocytosis
- Process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells
- Cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within cell
- Uptake of large molecules, e.g. fat
30
Endocytosis
- Large particles or molecules being taken INTO the cell (endo = in), two types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis
31
Exocytosis
- Substances passing OUT of cell (exo = out) and secreting of materials into vesicle by golgi body
- E.g. adrenal glands, salivary glands
32
What happens to red blood cell in different solutes
- In salt RBC shrivels
- In tap water RBC expands and explodes
- This is due to movement of H20 from LOW to HIGH solute concentration
33
Mitosis (stages)
```
4 main stages
Prophase: DNA condense
Metaphase: move to equator
Anaphase: move to poles
Telophase: two new nuclei form
```
34
Mitosis
- Mitosis is normal cell division, which goes on throughout life in all parts of the body
- Meiosis is the special cell division that creates the sperm and eggs, the gametes.
- Reasons for mitosis is GROWTH and REPAIR
- A cell divides into 2 daughter cells that are identical to their parent cell
- Goes on throughout life in all parts of the body
35
Phospholipid Bilayer
- Two layer framework
Hydrophilic = attracted to water
Hydrophobic = water hating/repelling
36
Surface area to volume ratio
- SA divide by V
| - Greater surface area to volume ratio = more efficient exchange of substances
37
Binary Fission
- The process by which one cell splits into two cells
- A cell that divides is a parent cell
- One copy of parent cell's DNA must be passed to both new cells to form new functioning cells of the same type
38
Binary Fission (steps)
1- cell grows larger
2- cell undergoes cytokinesis
3- two daughter cells are produced
39
Asexual reproduction
- Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself and an identical cell is made
40
Fluid Mosaic Model
- model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
- the membrane is said to be a fluid mosaic model as fluid = different components can move past each other and mosaic = made up of a mosaic of different molecules
