Chapter 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Oxford english dictionary, definition of culture
The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectivly
triandis and pepitone definition of culture
the shared that are encoded into the norms that constitute it
geertz definition
matsumoto definition
a dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, established by groups… involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors, shared by a group but harbored differently within the group, communicated across generations, relatively stable but with the potential to change over time
definition for matsumoto
- dynamic
- system of rules
- groups and units
- to ensure survival
- attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behavior
- shared by a group
- harbored differently by each unit
- relatively stable
- but with potential to change
common ingredients
- historically situated
- meang and information system
- collective, shared experience
- cultural products
- mode of transmission
why study culture?
- to understand human behavior
- to reveal how culture shapes our own behavior
- to understand people in our daily lives
- to prevent cultural misunderstandings with people in our personal, work, and socail settings
- to determine whether our conceptions of human behavior are western- biased
- to learn about the human condition and its evolutionary heritage
where does culture come from
- biological (e.g. reproduction, eating)
- social (e.g. negotiating complex hierarchies) needs
- usually need to come up with solutions on how to adapt to eniroment to address needs and motives
- these solutions deoendent on context (e.g. physical enviornment, social factors, types, and sizes of families and communities)
- these solutions are culture
what kinds of factors influence culture
- ecological
- geography, climate, natural resources
- social
- population density, affluence, technology, government, media, religion
- biological
- temperament, personality
culture and race
- race is not culture
- race is a social construct and thus boundaries and definition of race is different for different cultures
- need clear understanding of underlying causes of similiarites and differences observed between races
culture and personality
culture
- macro, social, group level construct
- social psychological framework within which indiviuals reside
- shared among individuals and transmitted across generations
- stable across individuals
personaliity
- individual differences that exist among individuals within groups
- unique constellation of traits, attributes, qualities, and characteristics of individuals
- different across individuals
culture and popular culture
- popular culure: trends in music, art and other expressions popular among people
- like culture, sharing of expression and its value by people involved
culture
- system of rules that cut across attitudes, values, opinions, beliefs, norms and behaviors
- stable over time across generations
popular culture
- does not involve sharing wide range of psychological attributes across various psychological domains
- values or expressions that come and go as fads and trends within few years
what do cross cultural psychologists do
- comparative, systematic, and critical study of the cultural effects on human psychology
- at least 2 cultural groups
- multiple scientific studies
- applu critical thinking skills
- identify cultural variable
- cultural differences or_ _ aspects (_ )_
- study cultural similarities or_ _ (_ _ )
understanding etic and emic perspectives according to berry
- etics refer to those aspects of life that appear to be consistent across different cultures; that is, universal or pan-cultural truths or principles
- emics refer to those aspects of life that appear to be different across cultures. therefore, emics refer to truths or principles that are culture-specific
elements of etic
- study behavior from outisde the culture
- study many cultures
- impose structure and meaning on observed behaviors
- findings have universal application in psychology (applicable behavior in all culture context)
elements of emic
- study behavior from within a culture
- look at single culture
- rely on the culture in question for structure and meaning of behaviors
- findings have significance for understanding behavior in the cultural context
psychological contents
- hofstede’s cultural dimensions
- schwartz’s values
- leung and bond’s social axioms
hofstede’s cultural dimensions
- individualism, collectivism
- power distance
- uncertainty avoidance
- masculinity, femininity
- long, short term orientation
Individualism- collectivism (IC) definition
degree to which a culture encourages, fosters, and facilitates the needs, wishes,_ _ , and values of an autonomous and unique self over those of a group
individualism VS collectivism
individualism
- seperate from others
- personal needs and goals
- low group commitment
- idiocentric
collectivism
- connected with others
- group goals
- high group commitment
- aliocentric
power distance
degree to which cultures encourage less powerful members to accpet that power is distributed unequally
uncertainty avoidance
degree to feeling threatened by unknown or ambiguous situations and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to avoid them
masculinity, femininity
distibution of emotional roles between males and females. success, money, quality of life
long, short term orientation
degree to which cultures encourage delayed gratification of material, social, environmental needs
