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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Microscopic study of cells

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4
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of life

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5
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of tissues

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6
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the formation, growth, and development of embryo

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7
Q

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

A

The study of large, visible structures

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8
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of structures too small to see with the naked eye

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9
Q

Situs Invertus

A

Organs flipped across the y-axis, topsy turvy scans, #1 cause of doubt among CT scans

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10
Q

Situs Solitus

A

Organs in their “normal” anatomical positions

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11
Q

4 Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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12
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

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13
Q

Embryo

A

Cell basis of fetus - from conception to week 8

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14
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

No system works in isolation, all organ systems are connected and necessary for normal function (homeostasis)

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15
Q

Levels of Structural Organization - Complex to Simple

A

Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical

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16
Q

Levels of Structural Organization - Simple to Complex

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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17
Q

Organ Systems - 11 in Total

A

Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular
MURDERS LINC

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18
Q

Integumentary System

A

Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
External covering
Protects deep tissues
Synthesizes vitamin D

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19
Q

Skeletal System

A

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports organs
Provides framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Stores minerals

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20
Q

Muscular System

A

Composed of muscles and tendons
Movement and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

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21
Q

Nervous System

A

Composed of brain, spinal column, and nerves
Activates bodily responses
Fast acting control system

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22
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Composed of heart and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood
Blood vessels transport blood

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23
Q

Endocrine System

A

Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary and testis
Glands secrete hormones
Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism

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24
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Returns fluid to blood
Defends against pathogens
Houses WBCs involved in immunity

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25
Respiratory System
Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
26
Digestive System
Composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus. Breaks down food into nutrients Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
27
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Removes nitrogenous waste products Regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance of blood
28
Reproductive System (Male)
Composed of prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, and vas deferens Main function is production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
29
Reproductive System (Female)
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is reproduction of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Site of fertilization and development of fetus Mammary glands produce milk for newborn
30
Necessary Human Life Functions
Organization, Maintaining boundaries, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Development, Growth, Reproduction
31
Necessary Life Function: Organization
Chemicals - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
32
Necessary Life Function: Maintains Boundaries
Plasma membrane separates cells Skin separates organism from environment
33
Necessary Life Function: Metabolism
All of chemical reactions that occur in the body Two forms - Catabolism and Anabolism Catabolism breaks down molecules - releases energy (ATP) Anabolism synthesizes molecules - requires energy (ATP)
34
Necessary Life Function: Responsiveness
Ability to sense and adjust to stimuli
35
Necessary Life Function: Movement (3 uses for muscle types)
Muscles allow for movement Skeletal muscles - Attached to bone by tendons; voluntary movement by use of flexors and extensors Cardiac Muscles - striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart Smooth muscles - act on the lining of passageways and internal organs
36
Necessary Life Function: Development
Changes that occur throughout life Differentiation
37
Necessary Life Function: Growth
Increase in body size
38
Necessary Life Function: Reproduction
Cellular level - cell division and nuclear division (mitosis) for growth and/or repair Organismal level - Reproduction of offspring
39
Requirements for Human Life
Oxygen, Nutrients, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
40
Requirements for Human Life: Oxygen
Essential for release of energy from foods The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen Atmospheric air - roughly 20% oxygen
41
Requirements for Human Life: Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building Carbohydrates: Major source of energy Proteins: Needed for cell building and cell chemistry Fats: Long-term energy storage Minerals and Vitamins: Involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
42
Requirements for Human Life: Water
Most abundant chemical in body - Approx 70% body mass Provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions
43
Requirements for Human Life: Normal body temperature
Narrow range of body temp falls below or goes above 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, rates of chemical reactions are affected
44
Requirements for Human Life: Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
45
Homeostasis
Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite the ever-changing external environment. Dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed Maintained by contributions of all organ systems Set point - the value around which the normal range fluctuates
46
3 Major Components of Homeostasis
Sensor (Receptor) - monitors and responds to stimuli Control Center - determines the set point - receives information from the receptor Effector - receives information from the control center - causes a change to return the values back to the normal range
47
Nickname of Spleen
The Graveyard of Red Blood Cells
48
Homeostatic Controls: Negative Feedback Loop
A stimulus, a deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus Most - used feedback mechanism in the body
49
Examples of Negative Feedback Loop
Regulation of body temperature - body temperature rises above set point, nerve cells in skin and brain send signal to temperature regulatory center in brain, brain signals sweat glands throughout body Regulation of blood glucose by insulin - blood glucose level rises after eating, pancreas releases insulin, body cells take up more glucose, blood glucose level returns to set point
50
Positive Feedback Mechanism (Loop)
Exaggerates a change in the original stimulus until reaching a set point - Ex. Childbirth and Blood clotting
51
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disease, Disorder, Dysfunction, and Death. Increased risk of Disease, Increased changes associated with aging
52
Anatomical Position
Body standing upright, feet slightly apart, arms at the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body
53
Anterior
Towards the front of the body, Ventral
54
Posterior
Towards the back of the body, Dorsal
55
Ventral
Towards the front of the body, Anterior
56
Dorsal
Towards the back of the body, Posterior
57
Superior
Towards the head of the body
58
Inferior
Towards the bottom of the body, feet
59
Medial
Towards the mid-line of the body, central
60
Lateral
Away from the mid-line of the body
61
Proximal
Closer to the body trunk, used in limb comparison. The elbow is proximal to the hands.
62
Distal
Further from the body trunk, feet are distal to the knee.
63
Superficial
Towards the skin, near the outside of the body
64
Deep
Towards the center of the body, centermost from the skin.
65
Axial
Refers to the Skull, Spinal Column, and trunk
66
Appendicular
Refers to the limbs, non-required pieces
67
Planes of the Body
Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), and Transverse
68
Sagittal Plane
Divides body vertically between right and left, directly down the midline
69
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides the body between anterior and posterior
70
Transverse Plane
Divides the body horizontally between superior and inferior
71
Two Sets of Body Cavities
Dorsal and Ventral
72
Dorsal Body Cavity (Posterior cavity)
Contains Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity (Brain and Spinal Column)
73
Ventral Cavity (Anterior cavity)
Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm. Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal and Pelvic cavity combined
74
Thoracic cavity
Mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)
75
Viscera
The internal organs located in the ventral body cavity
76
Serosa (AKA Serous Membrane)
Thin, double-layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity, broken into Parietal serosa and Visceral serosa, Serous fluid is secreted by both membranes and contained between them, reducing friction between the membranes.
77
Parietal serosa
Covers the internal body cavity walls
78
Visceral serosa
Covers internal organs

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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