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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum (2)

A

-causes Malaria
- eukaryotic

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2
Q

Protists (2)

A
  • eukaryotic
    -further classified: slime molds+algae+protozoa
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3
Q

Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic
-Can have peptidoglycan
- CELL MEMBRANE IS SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTES
- INCLUSIONS
-70S RIBOSOME
- FLAGELLA
- PILI + FIMBRIAE

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4
Q

Archaea

A

-prokaryotic
-most extreme microorganisms on earth, like halophiles.
-do not cause disease.
-unique phospholipid bilayer. not like ours.
-Evolved independently of Bacteria. But diverged from Eukarya’s common ancestor
- NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- **CAN* -MFS (lactose permease not the same as E.coli) + Group Translocation + Facilitated Diffusion
- UNIQUE CELL MEMBRANE
- METHANOGENS
- INCLUSIONS
-70S RIBOSOME
- interior is hyprophobic
-DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT

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5
Q

CELLULAR EUKARYOTES (4)

A

-Have a nucleus (Transcription occurs in nucleus and Translation occurs in cytoplasm)
-Have histones
-Further classified into: Fungi: Yeast + Mold &. Protists: Algae + Slime Molds + Protozoa
-NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- PTS (GROUP TRANSLOCATION) DO NOT NEED TO WORRY ABOUT
- CELL MEMBRANE SIMILAR TO BACTERIA
- FLAGELLA
- DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT

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6
Q

Cellular Prokaryotes

A

-Lack a nucleus (Transcription & Translation occur simultaneously)
-Bacteria and Archaea
- 16S rRNA

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7
Q

Acellular Organisms

A

not alive
no cell/plasma membrane
require a host to replicate

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8
Q

Viruses

A

-DNA OR RNA
-PROTEIN COAT
- some may have an envelope

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9
Q

Viroids

A

acellular
Only RNA
Only affect plants

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10
Q

Satellites

A

cannot replicate w/out virus

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11
Q

4 Acellular Microorganisms

A

Virus
Viroids
Satellites
Prions

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12
Q

Prions

A

-only aminoacids
-Proteins needed for neuronal survival
- alpha helix + beta sheets

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA TO RNA

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14
Q

TRANSLATION

A

mRNA to protein

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15
Q

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION ALLOWS LIVING ORGANISMS TO REPLICATE+ SURVIVE. OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY IN

A

PROKARYOTES

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16
Q

CARL WOOSE

A

-Created the 1st Tree of Life.
-1970s separated things depending on genetics.
- discovered 3rd domain of life = Archaea (2nd type of prokaryote)

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17
Q

LINNAEUS

A

-18th Century
-Classified things depending on movement/anatomy not on evolutionary relatedness
-Started the Binomial Nomenclature - includes: genus name (italicized + capital) and species (italicized)

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18
Q

RIBOSOME - SMALL SUBUNIT

A

-Important in recognition and alignment of the mRNA
-made up of proteins and rRNA
-rRNA can be 16s or 18s

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19
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

-MADE UP OF PROTEIN AND rRNA
-TRANSLATION OF EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES.
-CAN BE 70s (prokaryotes) or 80s (eukaryotes)

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20
Q

16s rRNA

A

LIGHTER
PROKARYOTES - INCLUDES BACTERIA + ARCHAEA

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21
Q

RIBOSOMES
18s rRNA

A

Heavier
Eukaryotes

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22
Q

SMALL AND LARGE SUBUNIT ARE MADE UP OF

A

PROTEIN AND rRNA

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23
Q

TREE OF LIFE

A

3 DOMAINS:
BACTERIA + ARCHAEA + EUKARYA

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24
Q

Mad-cow/ Prions Disease

A

caused by mutations or ingestion of contaminated food (protein changes morphology) =
prions become mis-folded. Cannot be recognized for destruction and create aggregations that lead to neuronal dead.

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25
LUCA - Last Common Universal Ancestor
-Universal Phylogenetic Tree
26
cyanobacteria
-Improperly called blue-green algae bc it is not an eukaryote. It is a prokaryote. -SAME AS ALGAE: photosynthesis + makes oxygen and N gas
27
CHLOROPLAST
-FUNCTION: photosynthesis -derived from cyanobacteria
28
EVOLUTION OF MICROBES
-Horizontal gene transfer -Mutations
29
HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
Only way microbes can gain extra information.
30
Species
-collection of strains -different specie arise when differences become major.
31
Strains
-descended from a single, pure microbial culture. -Most of its gene is identical + small difference.
32
TYPE STRAIN
Original strain
33
Taxonomy
biological classification
34
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY
new species cannot be recognized until it has been published in here.
35
Taxonomic Ranks
Domain Genus Species Strain **less to more specific order*
36
BERGEY'S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC OF ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA
Published in 1923 -currently has 5 volumes -2015 -Important bc we must all have a central place to go to. Ensure we are studying the same microbe
37
ATCC = AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION
-Collects samples of microbes and cell lines throughout the world. Storage and distribution center - established 1925
38
FRANCESCO STELLUTI
-Used tool from galileo to look at bees. Determined details with the use of some magnifying glass
39
ROBERT HOOKE
- 1st to see Mucor (Fungus). 1st to see microorganisms - Gave the word cell due to similarity to monastery cells
40
ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Textile trader and to determine the number of thread, created a magnifying glass and saw microorganisms - 1st to accurately observe microorganisms. - created 1st microscope
41
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
things coming from nothing
42
FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)
1ST TO DISPROVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION - show maggots in decaying meat came from fly eggs PROBLEM: NO oxygen. People didn't know about anaerobic respiration
43
JOHN NEEDHAM (1713-1781)
-BOILED SAMPLE AND THEN CAPPED IT. PROBLEM: Time elapsed until capped allowed microbes to get back inside of container. there was growth
44
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
-Boiled flask sealed. -PROBLEM: Nothing grew bc there was no oxygen.
45
LOUIS PASTEUR
SWAN NECK EXPERIMENT
46
SWAN NECK EXPERIMENT
OFFICIALLY DISPROVES SPONTANEOUS GENERATION. (Gives oxygen, cleans media, integrates what everyone had done before. bends glass and creates a swan neck. 1- flask was broken at top allowing microorganisms to directly access media = growth 2- flask was not broken at top and the only way microorganisms could get in was through the mouth of the flask by PASTEUR
47
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
-INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT MICROORGANISMS CAN CAUSE INFECTION -worked in a hospital and asked doctors to clean area before and after surgery = lowered infections
48
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
-Demonstrated that microorganisms carry fermentation -Developed pasteurization - Saved the wine industry in France. -Pepper disease of silkworms = caused by protozoa (eukaryote) - Developed vaccines by discovering attenuation - for chickenpox, cholera, anthrax and rabies
49
ROBERT KOCH
-FINAL PROOF CONNECTING MICROBES TO DISEASE -Established connection btw Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax - Developed Koch's Postulate
50
STERILIZATION
NOTHING IS PRESENT
51
PASTEURIZATION
SOME MICROBES ARE PRESENT.
52
KOCH'S POSTULATE (4)
LEAD TO GOLDEN AGE OF BACTERIOLOGY 1- Find someone that is sick and another that is healthy. Sample both, and determine what is unique in the sick person's sample contrasted w/ the healthy's sample. 2- Grow microbe on a petri dish which should lead us to a pure culture (Unique characteristic from sick sample) 3- Inoculate into somebody that is healthy. And, should expect the healthy person to become sick. IF SO: 4- Get sample from now sick person, put in in a petri dish and compare to initial sample.
53
ROBERT HOOKE VS ROBERT KOCH
54
Pure Culture
only one type of microorganism present
55
Bacillus Anthracis
Gram + Bacteria
56
LIMITATIONS/ DOWNSIDES TO KOCH'S POSTULATE
1- The healthy person could be carrier. Which gives us no difference btw sick and healthy. 2- Not all bacteria grow well in a petri dish. Must know what microbe prefers/needs to grow **IF YOU CAN'T GROW THEM, YOU CAN'T STUDY THEM** 3- Microbes are fighting each other for nutrients and space. When we take a sample from someone that is sick and grow it in a petri dish, the microbe can become attenuated. **BASIS OF VACCINATION** 4- Some diseases do not affect animals. 5- Cannot grow viruses in Petri dishes 6- Disease could be caused by several bacteria working together, pure culture would not work. 7- Disease can be genetic
57
Attenuation
- can no longer cause harm = weaken microbes - Discovered by Pasteur and Roux
58
Petri dish
Bigger lid + smaller container
59
Agar
Scientist' wife - discovered agar
60
EDWARD JENNER (1749 - 1823)
-FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY -used cowpox to create protection against smallpox
61
SERGEI WINOGRADSKY (1856 - 1953) + MARTINUS BEIJERINCK (1851 -1923)
- Discovered metabolic processes - Pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media
62
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
All microbes require something different to survive
63
Spore staining + acid fast stain
uses heat to stain
64
BACTERIAL ENVELOPE
CELL MEMBRANE AND ANYTHING ABOVE IT
65
BACTERIAL ENVELOPE OF A GRAM -
-CELL MEMBRANE -PEPTIDOGLYCAN -LPS -
66
mitochondria
came from a gran negative
67
candida albicans
-opportunistic pathogen -fungi - yeast - spread by sexual contact
68
Candida aureus
- yeast - eukaryotes - in asia/ japan high indice - present in normal microbiota (in ears) - opportunistic infection (moves from ear to bloodstream)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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