Chapter 1

Question 1

All cells are enclosed by a

Answer 1

plasma membrane

Question 2

Animal and plant cells are usually _ in diameter and can be seen with a _

Answer 2

5-20 nanometers, light microscope

Question 3

What microscope reveals even the smallest organelles but specimens require elaborate preparations and cant be viewed alive

Answer 3

Electron

Question 4

Specific large molecules can be located in fixed or living cells by

Answer 4

fluorescence microscopy

Question 5

Simplest present day living cells are

Answer 5

prokaryotes

Question 6

Classes of prokaryotes

Answer 6

bacteria and arachaea

Question 7

Prokaryotes contain DNA but

Answer 7

lack nucleus and most other organelles, resembling ancestral cell

Question 8

Contains main genetic info of eukaryotic organisms, stored in very long DNA

Answer 8

Nucleus

Question 9

The — of eukaryotic cells includes all of the cell’s contents outside the nucleus and contains a variety of membrane-enclosed organelles with specialized functions

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

carry out the final oxidation of food molecules and produce ATP

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes

Answer 11

Golgi and ER

Question 12

digest large molecules

Answer 12

Lysosomes

Question 13

Outside the membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytoplasm is the ___, a highly concentrated mixture of large and small molecules that carry out many essential biochemical processes.

Answer 13

cytosol

Question 14

The cytoskeleton is composed of

Answer 14

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm a

Question 15

Protein filaments are responsible for

Answer 15

cell shape and movement and for the transport of organelles and large molecular complexes from one intracellular location to another

Question 16

Free-living, single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms are complex cells that

Answer 16

can swim, mate, hunt, and devour other microorganisms

Question 17

What is the central dogma

Answer 17

All cells store genetic information as DNA,
Information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation)

Question 18

Plasma membrane characteristics

Answer 18

Lipid bilayer, permeable, hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior

Question 19

New cells are formed from pre existing cells proposed in the

Answer 19

1830s

Question 20

Can also observe some sub-cellular structures or organelles (e.g. nucleus) by

Answer 20

light microscopy

Question 21

With thin samples, one can study unstained, living cells by

Answer 21

light microscopy

Question 22

low contrast images in living cells, often fix and stain cells to add contrast

Answer 22

Bright field

Question 23

Phase contrast & differential interference contrast look at structures that

Answer 23

refract light

Question 24

optical sectioning of thicker samples with laser
beam

Answer 24

Confocal fluorescence microscopy

Question 25

microscopy allows higher magnification of fixed cells

Answer 25

electron

Question 26

Used to look at very thin sections of cells This allows detection of more sub-cellular organelles

Answer 26

TEM

Question 27

Used to look at surface details of cells

Answer 27

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question 28

Cell walls are common and greater diversity and habitat of

Answer 28

prokaryotes

Question 29

Smaller genomes in

Answer 29

prokaryotes

Question 30

eukaryotic cells have both

Answer 30

protists (single cell) and multcell

Question 31

Eukaryotic cells are __ than prokaryotic cells

Answer 31

larger and more regulatory DNA sequences

Question 32

Largest organelle

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane known as

Answer 33

nuclear envelope

Question 34

In the nucleus there's traffic in and out of nucleus regulated by

Answer 34

nuclear pores

Question 35

DNA is packaged with — into chromosomes

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

site of DNA replication and transcription, RNA processing, ribosome assembly

Answer 36

nucleus

Question 37

often breaks down and chromosomes condense during cell division

Answer 37

nuclear envelope

Question 38

present in nearly all eukaryotic cells

Answer 38

mitochondria

Question 39

Mitochondria are _ membrane structures and chloroplasts are __ membrane structures

Answer 39

double, triple

Question 40

what organelles contain their own DNA and reproduce by division

Answer 40

mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 41

Mitochondria evolved from

Answer 41

bacteria engulfed by ancestor cells

Question 42

perform cellular respiration, generate ATP and O2 and CO2 as byproduct

Answer 42

mito

Question 43

chloroplasts are only present in

Answer 43

plants and algae

Question 44

Third membrane of chloroplast contains

Answer 44

chlorophyll

Question 45

Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, use _ and _, sunlight to make __, __, and release _

Answer 45

CO2, H20, sugars, ATP, O2

Question 46

network from nuclear envelope throughout cytoplasm

Answer 46

ER

Question 47

has bound ribosomes, and is the site of synthesis of transmembrane proteins

Answer 47

rough ER

Question 48

does not have bound ribosomes; it is the site of steroid hormone synthesis and Ca2+ uptake

Answer 48

smooth ER

Question 49

a stack of flattened membranes near the nucleus

Answer 49

GOLGI

Question 50

Golgi function

Answer 50

- receives and modifies molecules made in the ER - packages them for delivery to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

Question 51

small, irregularly shaped organelles, sites of intracellular digestion

Answer 51

Lysosomes

Question 52

small membrane-enclosed organelles, contained environment for the generation and degradation of toxic molecules

Answer 52

Peroxisomes

Question 53

- transport from plasma membrane inward is called - transport to the plasma membrane for secretion is called

Answer 53

endocytosis, exocytosis

Question 54

endocytosis and exocytosis are performed by

Answer 54

transport vesicles

Question 55

non-membrane containing cytoplasm

Answer 55

cytosol

Question 56

filamentous proteins that provide structural framework for cell

Answer 56

cytoskeleton

Question 57

Three filaments

Answer 57

actin, intermediate, microtubule

Question 58

filament used for contraction and transport

Answer 58

actin-based

Question 59

filament used for mechanical stabilization

Answer 59

intermediate based filament

Question 60

filament used for support and transport

Answer 60

microtubule

Question 61

E. coli bacteria are the premier model for

Answer 61

prokaryotes

Question 62

Advantages of E.Coli as a model organism vs disadvant.

Answer 62

Can grow cheaply in simple media, reproduces rapid, small genome Not a euk

Question 63

E coli used to study

Answer 63

DNA replication and genetic code

Question 64

Saccharomyces cerevisae & Schizosaccharomyces pombe advantages as a model organism

Answer 64

simple, easy to grow and rapid generation, carries out basic cell functions, good genetics

Question 65

Saccharomyces cerevisae & Schizosaccharomyces pombe used to study

Answer 65

organization of chromosomes and cell division cycle

Question 66

Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) advantages

Answer 66

small genome size for plant, can grow inside, generation time is 8-10 weeks

Question 67

Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) are a good model for

Answer 67

multi-cellular plant development, photosynthesis

Question 68

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) Advantages

Answer 68

easily grown in lab, many genetic mutants available, genome size is 185 million bp and has counterparts for genes in human disease

Question 69

C. elegans (nematode worm) Advantages

Answer 69

slightly smaller and simpler than Drosophila, worm counterparts exist for ~70% of human genes

Question 70

C. elegans are a good model for

Answer 70

animal development and apoptosis

Question 71

zebrafish advantages

Answer 71

easily maintained in freshwater and transparent embryos

Question 72

useful for study of early development in live animal

Answer 72

zebrafish

Question 73

good model for mammalian development and disease

Answer 73

mouse

Question 74

advantages of mice

Answer 74

can be generated with many mutations, closely related to human genes, rapid generation

Question 75

appearence and behavior of cells dictated largely by

Answer 75

proteins

Question 76

what gives proteins a different conformation

Answer 76

amino acids

Question 77

What cannot reproduce by their own efforts and arent living

Answer 77

Virus

Question 78

entire sequence of nucleotides in an organisms DNA provides a genetic program for cells to behave

Answer 78

Genome

Question 79

Differentiated cell types are generated during

Answer 79

embryonic development

Question 80

dense material often made of protein fibers embedded in a gel of sugar chains

Answer 80

ec matric

Question 81

RNA translation into proteins

Answer 81

ribosome

Question 82

have no organelles only ribosomes

Answer 82

bacterium

Question 83

prokaryote shapes

Answer 83

spherical, rod, spiral

Question 84

2 concentric membranes continuous with the ER membrane

Answer 84

nuclear evelope

Question 85

breaks down ingested cellulose and makes methane gas

Answer 85

archaea

Question 86

what kind of proteins use energy stored in ATP, carrying organelles and proteins through cytoplasm

Answer 86

motor

Question 87

What structure in an interphase cell contains ribosomal rRNA and proteins for the formation of ribosomes?

Answer 87

nucleolus

Question 88

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a fluorescent microscope is still limited by the __________________ of visible light.

Answer 88

wavelegnth

Question 89

Ability to perceive the presence of an object

Answer 89

Detection

Question 90

Ability to discriminate between two objects that are close together, limited by wavelength of light

Answer 90

Resolution

Question 91

The bright field image of live cell allows us to see

Answer 91

The nucleus and a few large organelles

Question 92

Blue stains dye what molecules

Answer 92

Negatively charged molecules such as DNA and RNA

Question 93

Flourescent microscopy allow us to see

Answer 93

Nucleus, pigment granules, and micro tubules

Question 94

You can see nucleus and mitochondria by

Answer 94

Light microscopy and fluorescent microscopy

Question 95

Interphase consists of what phases

Answer 95

G1, S phase (dna replication), and G2

Question 96

Mitochondria are located at sites of

Answer 96

High energy consumptions

Question 97

ER extends from the

Answer 97

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope

Question 98

Flexible strands with tensile strength

Answer 98

Actin filaments

Question 99

Hollow tubes that serve as rigid struts and organize compartments

Answer 99

Micro tubules

Question 100

Rope like strands that provide mechanical support

Answer 100

Intermediate filaments

Question 101

Chromosomes attach to micro tubules by their

Answer 101

Kinetochores

Question 102

With our eyes we can see what micrometer amount

Answer 102

200

Question 103

Red blood cell size

Answer 103

7 um

Question 104

Need __ to resolve smaller organelles

Answer 104

electron microscopy or super- resolution fluorescence microscopy

Question 105

Mitochondria makes ATP via

Answer 105

Respiration

Question 106

Converts pyruvate and fatty acids into ATP, CO2, and H2O

Answer 106

Respiration

Question 107

What forms the miotic spindle

Answer 107

Microtubules