Chapter 1

Question 1

Cations

Answer 1

Atom loses an electron (positively charged)

Question 2

Anion

Answer 2

Atom gains an electron (negatively charged)

Question 3

Oxidization

Answer 3

The loss of electrons (becomes + charged)

Question 4

Reduction

Answer 4

The gaining of electrons (becomes - charged)

Question 5

Molecules

Answer 5

chemical bonds when two or more atoms join

Question 6

Condensation

Answer 6

Join a chemical bond together

Question 7

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

Split Apart chemical bonds

Question 8

Basic (pH)

Answer 8

greater than 7

Question 9

Neutral (pH)

Answer 9

Equivalent to 7

Question 10

Acidic

Answer 10

Less than 7

Question 11

Buffers

Answer 11

enables fluids to resist changes in pH

Question 12

Smallest To Largest Structural and Functional Units

Answer 12

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems

Question 13

Organelles

Answer 13

structures within a cell that carry out cell activity (Mitochondria, Nucleus)

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

Gel like material found throughout the cell

Question 15

Extracellular vs Intracellular environments

Answer 15

Outside of the cell vs Inside of the cell

Question 16

Cell membranes

Answer 16

Regulates the movement into and out of the cell

Question 17

Simple Diffusion (Passive Transport)

Answer 17

higher to lower concentration-no energy needed

Question 18

Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)

Answer 18

higher to lower concentration, but also require transport protein that escorts the material across cell membrane

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 20

Vesicular Active Transport

Answer 20

Large molecules move into or out of cell by an enclosed vesicle
Endocytosis: extracellular to intracellular
Exocytosis: intracellular to extracellular

Question 21

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 21

protective layer on body surface and lining of internal organs
Connective: “glue” that holds the body together
Exp: Tendons, cartilage, blood

Question 22

Muscle Tissue

Answer 22

Tissue that specializes in movement
Exp: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle

Question 23

Neural Tissue

Answer 23

Specializes in communication via nerves
Exp: Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 24

Connective Tissue

Answer 24

Provides structure to the body by binding and anchoring body parts.

Question 25

Organs

Answer 25

Two or more different types of Tissue

Question 26

Organ System

Answer 26

several organs work together to perform physiologic function - Communication systems a. Nervous system :neurotransmitters b. Endocrine system: hormones c. Negative feedback systems

Question 27

Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 27

Hollow Tube from mouth to anus

Question 28

Digestive System Organs

Answer 28

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Question 29

Digestive System Accessory Organs

Answer 29

Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Question 30

3 Important Digestive System Functions

Answer 30

Digestion, absorption, and egestion

Question 31

Salivary Glands

Answer 31

Release a mixture of water, mucus, and enzymes

Question 32

Mouth (Digestion)

Answer 32

Mechanical breakdown, moistening, and mixing of food with saliva.

Question 33

Pharynx

Answer 33

Propels food from the back of the oral cavity into the esophagus.

Question 34

Liver

Answer 34

Produces bile, an important secretion needed for lipid digestion

Question 35

Esophagus (Digestive)

Answer 35

Transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Question 36

Gallbladder

Answer 36

Stores and releases bile, needed for lipid digestion.

Question 37

Stomach (Digestive)

Answer 37

Muscular contractions mix food with gastric juice, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme

Question 38

Pancreas

Answer 38

Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme (the acidic gastric juice) and contains enzymes needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion.

Question 39

Small Intestine (Digestion/Absorption)

Answer 39

Major sire of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 40

Large Intestine (digestion/reabsorption)

Answer 40

Receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body as feces.

Question 41

Sphincters

Answer 41

- Ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close an opening - Controls amount of food that goes to the next section of GI - Prevents backflow of contents Names: (Esophageal, Pyloric, Ileocecal, 2 Anal)

Question 42

Segmentation

Answer 42

Circular Contraction Purpose: to mix food contents with digestive juices

Question 43

Peristalsis

Answer 43

Longitudinal contraction Purpose: to propel food bolus to next section of Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

Question 44

Three phases of Digestion

Answer 44

Cephalic Phase (before food enters mouth), Gastric Phase (arrival of food in stomach), Intestinal Phase

Question 45

Pepsin

Answer 45

Enzyme that digests protein

Question 46

Chyme

Answer 46

Acidic mixture of food and gastric secretion

Question 47

Gastric Acid

Answer 47

- Sterilizes - Activates pepsin - Breaks protein structure: denaturation - Releases nutrients from food molecule - Mucus protects stomach cell lining from gastric acid