Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the prominent lines of latitude on the Earth (name and degree)?

Answer 1

Arctic Circle (66.5N), Tropic of Cancer (23.5N), equator, Tropic of Capricorn (23.5S), Antarctic Circle (66.5S)

Question 2

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the _____.

Answer 2

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern (Antarctic)

Question 3

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

Answer 3

Pacific ocean

Question 4

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?

Answer 4

Indian Ocean

Question 5

Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet?

Answer 5

Pacific ocean

Question 6

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of _________.

Answer 7

Theories

Question 8

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________.

Answer 8

Density stratification

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

Answer 9

Oceanic crust is denser

Question 10

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth’s oceans was due to ________.

Answer 10

Water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Question 11

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called _________.

Answer 11

Evolution

Question 12

Earth is a layered sphere with the _______-density material found near the center of Earth and the __________-density material located near the surface.

Answer 12

Higher, lower

Question 13

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ______ layers.

Answer 13

3, crust, mantle, core

Question 14

Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ______ layers.

Answer 14

5, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

Question 15

Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called _______.

Answer 15

Basalt

Question 16

Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________.

Answer 16

Granite

Question 17

Although Earth’s oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its _______ must have changed.

Answer 17

Chemical composition

Question 18

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ___________.

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ______ years ago.

Answer 19

Million

Question 20

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth’s ______.

Answer 20

Oceans

Question 21

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ______.

Answer 21

Is necessary for humans, ozone protects from ultraviolet radiation

Question 22

Oceans cover ____ of Earth’s surface.

Answer 22

70.8%

Question 23

_____ of Earth’s surface water.

Answer 23

97.2%

Question 24

When did life first originate on Earth?

Answer 24

Between 2,500 and 4,000 million years ago

Question 25

The scientific study of all aspects of the marine environment:

Answer 25

Oceanography

Question 26

Disciplines of oceanography:

Answer 26

Geology, geography, biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy

Question 27

Density is defined as ______.

Answer 27

Mass per unit volume

Question 28

The crust is composed of ______.

Answer 28

Silicate materials

Question 29

The mantle is composed of _______.

Answer 29

High-density iron and magnesium silicate rock

Question 30

The core is composed of _______.

Answer 30

Iron and nickel

Question 31

The lithosphere is:

Answer 31

Cool and rigid

Question 32

The asthenosphere is _____.

Answer 32

Plastic (high viscosity)

Question 33

The mesosphere is:

Answer 33

Rigid

Question 34

The outer core is:

Answer 34

Liquid

Question 35

The inner core is:

Answer 35

Rigid

Question 36

Basalt density:

Answer 36

3.0 grams per cubic centimeter

Question 37

Oceanic crust thickness:

Answer 37

8 kilometers

Question 38

Granite density:

Answer 38

2.7 grams per cubic centimeter

Question 39

Continental crust thickness:

Answer 39

35 kilometers

Question 40

Isostatic adjustment is the:

Answer 40

Vertical movement of crust

Question 41

A scientific study of the floor of the ocean, the water itself, physical processes such as waves, currents, and tides, and the organisms contained within the ocean

Answer 41

Oceanography

Question 42

A scientific field of study that incorporates two or more scientific disciplines

Answer 42

Interdisciplinary study

Question 43

A model that describes the formation of the solar system by contraction of a nebula:

Answer 43

Nebular hypothesis

Question 44

A layering based on density, where the highest density material occupies the lowest space:

Answer 44

Density stratification