CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Hindsight bias:
the tendency to believe, after leaning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
** saying “I KNEW IT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN ALL ALONG**
Theory:
an explanation using any integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis:
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operational definition/ operationalism:
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
Replication:
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced
Preregistration:
publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses
Meta-analysis:
a statical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach awn overall conclusion
Case study:
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic observation:
a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Survey:
a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Random sampling:
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Population:
all those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn
Correlation:
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation coefficient:
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)
Variable:
anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure
Scatterplot:
a cluster of dots on a graph, each of which represents the value of two variable, displaying the direction o the relationship between these two variables
Illusory correlation:
perceiving/ creating a relationship where none exists, or believes that there is a stringer relationship, then there actually is
Regression towards the mean:
the tendency fro extreme or unusual scores or events to fall backwards, toward the average. ** REGRESS — means back **
Experiment:
a research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (independence variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or prenatal process (independent variable)
Experimental group:
the group exposed to the treatment
Control group:
the group not exposed to the treatment, acts as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Random assignment:
assigning participating randomly to the experimental and control groups
Double-blind procedure:
experimental procedure where both the participants and the research staff are blind to who has been given the placebo or treatment
Placebo:
a fake treatment, in which participants are given to make them think they are receiving an active treatment, while in reality, nothing is physically influencing therte results
