chapter 1

Question 1

central science, aka

Answer 1

chemistry

Question 2

what does iupac stand for

Answer 2

lnternational union of pure and applied chemistry

Question 3

first atomic theory

Answer 3

the greeks

Question 4

who discovered matter can be subdivided into indivisible particles

Answer 4

greeks

Question 5

democritus discovered what

Answer 5

different sizes, constant motions, empty space around them

Question 6

who helped develop modern glassware

Answer 6

the alchemists (fULL METAL ALCHEMISTSSSS)

Question 7

who discovered that matter was composed of earth, air, water, fire

Answer 7

aristotle (AND DANTEEEE)

Question 8

___’s Atomic Theory

Answer 8

Dalton

Question 9

who created the plum pudding model (ew everything just floating around ik there)

Answer 9

JJ Thompson

Question 10

who directed alpha particles research

Answer 10

rutherford (my boyyy)

Question 11

chadwick (:’l) did what

Answer 11

confirmed presence of neutrons

Question 12

who revised the planetary model and showed that electrons release bursts of light when absorbing energy

Answer 12

bohr

Question 13

a
E (what is E?)
z

Answer 13

chemical symbol of element

Question 14

a
E (what is a?)
z

Answer 14

mass number

Question 15

what is mass number

Answer 15

protons and neutrons

Question 16

a
E (what is z?)
z

Answer 16

atomic number

Question 17

what is atomic number

Answer 17

protons in nucleus

Question 18

if an element has a full valence shell, it is

Answer 18

stable

Question 19

how many valence electrons does helium have

Answer 19

2

Question 20

which elements have a stable valence shell

Answer 20

noble gases

Question 21

unstable elements want to be

Answer 21

stable

Question 22

octet rule

Answer 22

elements combine with other atoms to attain a stable electron arrangement

Question 23

when atoms lose or gain electrons, what is formed

Answer 23

an ion

Question 24

cations are

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

anions are

Answer 25

negative

Question 26

metals tend to

Answer 26

LOSE valence electrons (they have few electrons in shell)

Question 27

non metals tend to

Answer 27

gain electrons

Question 28

element that can form more than one possible ion

Answer 28

multivalent ions

Question 29

transition metals are commonly

Answer 29

multivalent

Question 30

ion with more than one atom that acts as a single entity

Answer 30

polyatomic ion

Question 31

examples of polyatomic ions

Answer 31

ammonium, NH4+

Question 32

ion in the human body

Answer 32

Na+

Question 33

atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons

Answer 33

isotopes

Question 34

how to distinguish isotopes

Answer 34

mass number

Question 35

percentage of isotope in sample of element

Answer 35

isotopic abundance

Question 36

weighted average of masses of all isotopes of an element

Answer 36

atomic mass

Question 37

atomic mass formula

Answer 37

%abundance isotope (mass) + %abundance isotope (mass

Question 38

some isotopes are stable, while others

Answer 38

break apart easily (radioactive substances)

Question 39

when isotopes decay, they emit

Answer 39

nuclear radiation (in tiny particles)

Question 40

radiation=> alpha particles, beta particles, gamma particles

Answer 40

blocked by paper, blocked by aluminum, can penetrate most

Question 41

isotopes that produce nuclear radiation are called (lol)

Answer 41

radioisotopes

Question 42

alpha particle has the same structure as

Answer 42

He-4 nucleus, and a charge of 2+

Question 43

beta particle

Answer 43

negatively charged electron

Question 44

gamma ray

Answer 44

high energy electromagnetic radiation (no mass, speed of light)

Question 45

nuclear reaction

Answer 45

change in nucleus of atoms from presence of radioisotopes

Question 46

radioisotopes have a nucleus which can decay, releasing

Answer 46

energy and subatomic particles spontaneously

Question 47

in balancing nuclear reactions, the sum of mass numbers must be

Answer 47

equal on each side

Question 48

in balancing nuclear reactions, the sun of atomic numbers must

Answer 48

balance on each side

Question 49

alpha decay steps

Answer 49

1. find alpha particle 2. calculate atomic number and mass of new element 3. find new element by looking up its atomic number

Question 50

alpha decay: 226. 4 Ra => He 88. 2

Answer 50

226-4 and 88-2 is 222 and 86, Rn

Question 51

majority of known elements are

Answer 51

metals

Question 52

metals are

Answer 52

all solid except for mercury

Question 53

non metals (right of staircase)

Answer 53

non conductors gas or solid solids r brittle and matte

Question 54

metalloids (along staircase)

Answer 54

properties of metals and no metals

Question 55

Alkali, Akaline, Halogen, Noble Gases, Transition

Answer 55

AAHNT wide range of properties strong metals high melting points conductors multivalent ions

Question 56

energy levels:

Answer 56

higher are more distant from nucleus

Question 57

charge on nucleus:

Answer 57

more charge pulls electrons in closer (positive and negative attract)

Question 58

shielding effect:

Answer 58

inner electrons repel outer electrons

Question 59

atomic and ionic radius

Answer 59

centre of atom to outermost electron

Question 60

ENC

Answer 60

effective nuclear charge

Question 61

down a group,

Answer 61

ENC decreases (adding orbits = increase distance of radius, inner electrons shield outer ones from nucleus charge) outer electrons have a decreased attraction to nucleus, radius increases

Question 62

right across a period

Answer 62

ENC increases (increasing +ve charge, electrons added to same energy level, no electron shielding) more attraction to nucleus, outer electrons pull closer, radius decreases

Question 63

ionic radius

Answer 63

size of ion compared to its atom

Question 64

cations, ENC

Answer 64

increases (nucleus pulls each electron closer, radius decreases)

Question 65

anions, ENC

Answer 65

decreases, shared among more electrons in anions attraction is weaker on each electron, radius increases

Question 66

ionization energy

Answer 66

energy needed to remove an electron from neutral atom

Question 67

move down a group, ionization energy

Answer 67

decreases (the farther from nucleus, the easier to remove it)

Question 68

move right across a period, ionization

Answer 68

increases, atoms are smaller, nucleus pulls valence electrons

Question 69

down a group, attraction to nucleus goes down as atomic radius

Answer 69

increases (enc decreases)

Question 70

the further away from the nucleus, the

Answer 70

easier an electron can be removed with less energy

Question 71

right across a period, attraction increases as atomic radius

Answer 71

decreaes, (enc increases) (harder to remove electrons)

Question 72

noble gases have the highest

Answer 72

ionization energy of their period

Question 73

electron affinity

Answer 73

ability of an atom to gain electrons

Question 74

down a group, there is weak attraction to nucleus , electron affinity

Answer 74

decreases

Question 75

right across a period, atomic radius decreases, ENC increases, attraction to nucleus is

Answer 75

high

Question 76

down a group,

Answer 76

atomic radius increases ie decreases electron affinity decreases electronegativity decreases or stays

Question 77

right across a period,

Answer 77

atomic radius decreases ie increases electron affinity increases electronegativity increases