chapter 1

Question 1

localization

Answer 1

the idea that specific areas of our brain carry out specific functions

Question 2

phrenology

Answer 2

35 different “faculties” of emotion and intellect located in precise areas of the brain

Question 3

equipotentiality

Answer 3

the idea that the brain can function as an undifferentiated whole

Question 4

Lashley

Answer 4

extent of damage

Question 5

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 5

double-stranded, double helix chain of four nucleotides

Question 6

gene

Answer 6

directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics

Question 7

zygote

Answer 7

fertilized egg, which undergoes rapid cell division and development on its way to becoming a functioning organism

Question 8

embryo

Answer 8

development over first 8 weeks

Question 9

fetus

Answer 9

between 8 weeks and birth

Question 10

enzymes as catalysts

Answer 10

modify chemical reactions

Question 11

alleles

Answer 11

different versions of a gene

Question 12

heterozygous

Answer 12

two alleles are different

Question 13

homozygous

Answer 13

two identical alleles

Question 14

dominant allele

Answer 14

produces effect regardless of which allele it is paired with

Question 15

recessive allele

Answer 15

has influence only when paired with the same allele

Question 16

genotype

Answer 16

combinations of alleles

Question 17

phenotype

Answer 17

an observable characteristic

Question 18

x-linked

Answer 18

a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x-chromosome

Question 19

polygenic

Answer 19

characteristics demanded by several genes

Question 20

nature

Answer 20

breeding of animals

Question 21

nurture

Answer 21

learning

Question 22

genome

Answer 22

all the genes in our chromosomes

Question 23

human genome project

Answer 23

map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes

Question 24

gene expression

Answer 24

translation of encoded information into production of proteins

Question 25

junk DNA

Answer 25

noncoding DNA (80% biochemically active)

Question 26

heredity

Answer 26

destiny or predisposition

Question 27

natural selection

Answer 27

those whose genes endow them with more adaptive traits

Question 28

heritability

Answer 28

percentage of the variation in a characteristic attributed to genetic factors

Question 29

vulnerability

Answer 29

genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder

Question 30

CRISPR

Answer 30

uses RNA to recognize DNA, cuts then break is patched or replaced

Question 31

behavioral neuroscience

Answer 31

studies the relationships between the body/brain and behavior

Question 32

monism

Answer 32

mind and body consist of the same substance

Question 33

materialistic monism

Answer 33

body, mind, and everything else physical

Question 34

dualism

Answer 34

mind (nonmaterial) and brain (material) are separate