Chapter 1

Question 0

Name the seven moderately abundant elements found in living organisms

Answer 0

Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl

Question 1

Name the four most abundant elements found in living organisms

Answer 1

H, C, N, & O

Question 2

Why does our body need trace elements?

Answer 2

It functions as a cofactor in enzymes (cutting)

Question 3

Name the 4 types of biomolecules

Answer 3

Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and lipids

Question 4

What is the function of amino acids? Name its functional group

Answer 4

Our body uses 20 of them to make proteins (NH3+)

Question 5

Name the functional group of carbohydrates

Answer 5

(CH2O)n, where n is > or equal to 3

Question 6

What is the function of nucleotides?

Answer 6

They are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Question 7

Lipids have a variety of ______. Which lipid is most important to humans?

Answer 7

Structures; cholesterol

Question 8

When identifying pictures, how do you know its an amino acid?

Answer 8

It contains an NH3

Question 9

When identifying the structures, how do you know its a carbohydrate?

Answer 9

It has a CH2O group

Question 10

When identifying structures, how would you know that it is a lipid?

Answer 10

Ester/phosphorus group/hydroxyl

Question 11

Name the three types of biopolymers

Answer 11

Polysaccharides, protein, and nucleic acid

Question 12

What byproduct is produced in the peptide formation reaction?

Answer 12

Water (H2O)

Question 13

What byproduct is produced in the polysaccharide polymerization reaction?

Answer 13

Water (H2O)

Question 14

What byproduct is produced in the nucleic acid polymerization?

Answer 14

Diphosphate

Question 15

What are the functions of each of the polymers?

Answer 15

Polysaccharides: storage of energy (doesn’t form a polymer)
Nucleic Acid: Encodes DNA info
Protein: metabolic reactions and support

Question 16

Amino acids come together to form _______

Answer 16

Peptides/proteins

Question 17

The 2 Systems of Energy

Answer 17

Enthalpy and Entropy

Question 18

The free energy of a system is determined by its _____ & ______

Answer 18

Enthalpy and entropy

Question 19

Living organisms obey the law of _____

Answer 19

Thermodynamics

Question 20

What is Gibbs free energy?

Answer 20

A measure of the free energy of s system based on enthalpy and entropy. Represented by letter G in equation of basic thermodynamics. Units= J⚫️mol -1

Question 21

Equation of basic law of thermodynamics

Question 22

Enthalpy is a measurement of ____

Answer 22

Heat

Question 23

Entropy is a measurement of ____

Answer 23

Randomness/messiness

Question 24

If the coffee is getting colder, is the sign of enthalpy positive or negative?

Answer 24

Negative

Question 25

If the coffee is spilled, is the sign of enthalpy positive or negative?

Answer 25

Positive

Question 26

Thermodynamic law dictates that enthalpy goes from ____ to _____, and entropy goes from _____ to ______.

Answer 26

Low to high, high to low

Question 27

Use this information to calculate the change in enthalpy and the change in entropy for the reaction A to B. Enthalpy Entropy A. 65 28 B. 85 97

Answer 27

(Product minus initial) Change in enthalpy = 20 Change in entropy = 69

Question 28

When change in G is less than zero, the reaction is ______

Answer 28

Spontaneous or exergonic

Question 29

When change is G is greater than zero, the reaction is ______

Answer 29

Non-spontaneous or endergonic

Question 30

Are processes spontaneous if the reaction occurs with ANY SIZE decrease in enthalpy and ANY SIZE increase in entropy?

Answer 30

Yes (good). Its gonna go

Question 31

Reduction = _____ of electrons

Answer 31

Gain

Question 32

Oxidation = _____ of electrons

Answer 32

Loss

Question 33

Energy from photosynthesis involves what kind of reaction?

Answer 33

Coupled Chemical Reaction

Question 34

Reduction is favorable/unfavorable and oxidation is favorable/unfavorable.

Answer 34

unfavorable; favorable

Question 36

How do you calculate the oxidation state of carbon in a molecule?

Answer 36

The overall oxidation number is 0 unless it has a charge on it. The oxidation number of O is usually 2- and the oxidation number of H is usually 1+. Add up all of the oxidation numbers to make it 0.

Question 37

What are the earth's two types of life forms?

Answer 37

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 38

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 38

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya