CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
is the study of carbon and carbon compounds
A
organic chemistry
2
Q
what are the carbon compounds present in organic chemistry?
A
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate
3
Q
a carbon compound made up exclusively of carbon and hydrogen
A
hydrocarbons
4
Q
________ is the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
A
organic chemistry
5
Q
a theory it is held that organic substances could originate only from living material, where organic compounds were exclusively of plant and animal orgin and that artificial preparation of these compounds was considered impossible
A
vital force theory
6
Q
it is a special energy or force belonging only to the plant and animal cells
A
vital force
7
Q
who overthrown the vital force theory?
A
Wohler
8
Q
what did wohler do to overthrow the vital force theory
A
made urea by heating ammonium cyante (NH4OCN) which is an inorganic compound
9
Q
what was developed after Wohler overthrow the vital force theory?
A
Synthetic organic compounds
10
Q
what are the major sources of organic compounds?
A
plants, animals, microorganisms, coal and petroleum
11
Q
what organic compounds are derived from plants?
A
starch, cellulose
12
Q
what organic compounds are derived from animals?
A
fats and proteins
13
Q
what organic compounds are derived from coal?
A
coal tar, drugs, benzene and phenols
14
Q
what organic compounds are derived from wood?
A
wood alcohol, acetone, acetic acid
15
Q
what organic compounds are derived from petroleum?
A
gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils
16
Q
what organic compounds are derived from natural gas?
A
methane
17
Q
what organic compounds are derived from fermentation processes
A
ethyl alcohol and acetone
18
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (fats, proteins)
A
animals
19
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (starch, cellulose)
A
plants
20
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils)
A
petroleum
21
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (methane)
A
natural gas
22
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (ethyl alcohol, acetone)
A
fermentation processes
23
Q
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (coal tar, drugs, benzene, phenol)
A
coal
24
Q
what are the elements that make up most of the organic compounds?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, the halogens (Cl,Br,I), phosphorus and sulfur
25
what are the properties of organic compounds?
low boiling points, low melting points, low solubility in water, high solubility in nonpolar solvents, flammable, covalent bonding, solutions are non-conductors of electricity, exhibit isomerism, less stable towards heat, rarely ionize, less reactive
26
what are the properties of inorganic compounds?
high boiling points,high melting points, high solubility in water, low solubility in nonpolar, nonflammable, ionic bonding, solutions are conductors, isomerism is limited, stable towards heat, ionize readily, more reactive
27
it is the phenomenon of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of their atoms
isomerism
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what do you call the various individual compounds of isomerism?
isomers
29
it is in the middle of the second period in the periodic table and has an atomic number of 6. six orbital electrons. two of these orbital electrons make the first shell of electrons, leaving four electrons in the outer valence shell available for bonding purposes.
carbon
30
describe carbon
-middle of the second period in the periodic table
-atomic number of 6
-six orbital electrons
-two of the orbital electrons make the first shell of electrons, leaving four electrons in the outer valence shell available for bonding purposes
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what can carbon attain?
a stable rare gas configuration by losing four valence electrons to form C^+4 or gain four valence electrons to form C^-4
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how do carbon bonds with other elements?
by sharing electrons specifically covalent bonds and attain the inert gas configuration
33
what is the single property of carbon that is responsible for the large number of its compounds?
catenation
34
it is the ability of an atom to bond to itself to form chains and rings
catenation
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carbon can share electrons not only with itself and with ___________ but with many other simple elements to form _________ and _____________
hydrogen, cyclic organic compounds and linear-chain compounds
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it is one or more series of atoms in the compound that is connected to form a ring
cyclic organic compounds
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are materials that are composed of one-dimensional arrays of metal-metal bonded molecules or ions
linear chain compound
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it is an atom central to all organic compounds
carbon atom
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what is the atomic number of the atom?
6
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what is the carbon's electron structure?
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^2
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how many valence electrons are formed?(Carbon in a ground state)
4
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how many bonds does a carbon capable of forming?
single, double and triple bonds
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it represents a single bond which is formed by sharing one pair of electrons
dash
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what does the dash represent?
covalent bond
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is formed when there is sharing of two pairs of electrons
double bond
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it happens where there are three pairs of electrons shared
triple bond
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it represents an entire series of compounds
general formula
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it gives the actual number of atoms of the constituent elements in the molecule
molecular formula
49
shows the arrangement of the atoms or group of atoms in the molecule
structural formula
50
shows all the bonds of the atoms in the molecule
graphical formula
51
this are the various classes of compounds which are identified by the presence of certain characteristics called ____________
functional groups
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it is the portion of the molecule that is highly reactive and which therefore participates most readily in chemical reactions
functional groups
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each class exists as a ___________ that exhibits similar chemical properties as a result of having a common functional group
homologous series
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a process where the substance is dissolved in a solvent and again put in crystalline form under conditions which insure greater purity
crystallization (recrystallization)
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what is the suitable solvent for crystallization?
one in which the compound shows high solubility when hot, moderate solubility when cold
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what happens when hot saturated solution cools?
crystals of the compound deposit
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what do you do if crystallization is slow?
induced seeding or scratching the glass with a glass rod
58
in the crystallization process how are the crystals separated from the mother liquor?
filtering through a buchner funnel and a filtering flask
59
is employed to remove a solute from a solvent (A) usually water, a second solvent (B) chloroform.
extraction
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what is solvent is usually used to remove a solute from a solvent?
water
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what are the conditions in using chloroform?
1. it must dissolve the solute more freely than does solvent (a)
2. it must be almost immiscible with (a)
62
during the extraction process the standing liquids separates into how many layers?
2 layers
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how are the 2 layers removed during the extraction process?
separatory funnel
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what are the suitable liquids for extraction from water?
chloroform, ethylether benzene, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide
65
it is a process where the substance passes directly from the solid to the gaseous state when heated, and again from vapor to solid upon cooling, with the intermediate appearance of the liquid state?
sublimation
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what is the advantages and disadvantages of using sublimation? when is it usually used?
operation is slow but the product is usually very pure. it is usually used during small amount of material is to be purified
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it is the process of heating an impure liquid to a gas and then cooling the gas to condense it back to a liquid
distillation
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what does distillation result into?
separation of impurities from a sample because of a differences in the boiling points
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what is also determined during distillation process?
boiling point is determined
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it results in separation of impurities from a sample because of differences in the boiling points?
distillation
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what is left in the distilling flask when distillation is done?
non-volatile matter
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what are the parts of distillation setup in the distillation setup
distilling flask, thermometer, condenser, water inlet, water outlet, adapter curve, receiver
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it is where the impure liquids is placed in the distillation setup
distilling flask
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it indicate the temperature of the vapor in the distillation setup
thermometer
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converts the vapor to liquid in the distillation setup
condenser
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where the water enter in the distillation set up?
water inlet
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in the distillation setup it is where the water pases out?
water outlet
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in the distillation setup it is where it guides the flow of the distillate to the receiver
adapter curve
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in the distillation setup it is the container of the distillate
receiver
80
what are the three behaviors present when two miscible liquids is boiled?
-boiling point varies uniformly with the composition of the mixture and is always lower than the boiling point of the least volatile component and greater than that of the most volatile
-boiling point varies with the composition but at one particular composition the boiling point has a maximum value greater than that of the least volatile component
-the boiling point varies with the composition but at one particular composition the boiling point has a minimum value, less than that of the most volatile component
81
a process where we want to know whether or not a given compound is pure?
establishing the purity of organic compounds
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it is established by determining that its physical constants are identical with those already recorded in the literature for that compound
purity of a known organic compound
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what are the physical constants that are used to determine the purity of an organic compound?
density, refractive index, melting and boiling point
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it is defined as the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms exist in equilibrium with each other at atmospheric pressure
melting point of a substance
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what is the process of melting point determination?
heating a very small amount of sample in the capillary tube with a thermometer, a bath is immersed in suitable heating until the substance is entirely liquid.
86
what is the true melting range point of a pure substance?
0.2 to 0.5 degrees apart
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it gives a sharp, constant melting points
pure compound
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what does the pure compound give?
sharp, constant melting points.
89
the melting point determination is a valuable test for _________ and serves as means of ____________.
purity, means of identifying the compoound
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it lowers the melting point below the true value and the melting range between the incipient and complete liquifaction will be much greater than for the pure compound.
impurities soluble in liquid
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it is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.
boiling point
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is the boiling point of a pure substance constant or not?
constant
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if the external pressure remains the same, the boiling point of a pure substance is __________.
constant
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if _____________ are present they will vaporize with the pure substance when the mixture is boiled.
volatile impurities
95
elements that are commonly detected in organic compounds?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens
96
what are the process of detecting a carbon?
charring or heating, with conc. sulfuric acid, with cupric oxide
97
what do you call the test for the detection of carbon and hydrogen?
cupric oxide
98
a process where organic compounds blacken on heating nor blackening of a substance?
charring or heating
99
results when conc. sulfuric acid is added to an organic compound
conc. sulfuric acid
100
what happens when sugar is treated with conc. sulfuric acid?
becomes black
101
what happens when organic compounds are heated with curpric oxide?
oxidized
102
what happens when carbon is oxidized?
it becomes carbon dioxide
103
what happens when carbon dioxide is added with limewater or baryta water?
white precipitate
104
what are the process of detection of nitrogen?
prussian blue test, burnt hair or feather odor, soda-lime process (NaOH+CaO)
105
happens when organic compound is fused with metallic sodium, fused mass is dissolved in water, treated with ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride.
prussian blue test
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what compounds are fused towards the metallic sodium?
organic compounds
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in the process of prussian blue test, the fused mass is dissolved in water and is treated with?
ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride
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what is the precipitate of the prussian test?
blue
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what is the blue precipitate that forms in the prussian blue test?
ferriferrocyanide
110
what odor is produced when an organic compound is heated alone?
odor of a burnt hair or feather
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in the burnt hair or feather odor process, what does it indicate?
presence of nitrogen
112
a test where some organic compounds which contain nitrogen when heated with soda-lime gives a gas with a urine-like odor which turns wet red litmus to blue
soda-lime process
113
what odor does the soda-lime process creates?
urine-like odor
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what turns wet red litmus to blue in the experiment of soda-lime process?
ammonia
115
what is the smell of ammonia?
urine-like odor
116
what are the test used to detect sulfur?
silver coin test, sodium nitroprusside and lead acetate test
117
a process in the detection of sulfur where a drop of solution (organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water) is dropped into a silver coin
silver coin test
118
what solution is dropped into a silver coin for the detection of sulfur
organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water
119
what is produced on the coin if sulfur is present during the silver coin test?
black stain
120
a process of the detection of sulfur where sodium nitroprusside gives a red-violet color upon standing indicates sulfur is present
sodium nitroprusside
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what solution is used in the sodium nitroprusside test?
organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water with sodium nitroprusside
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what does the solution of organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water with sodium nitroprusside give what color?
red-violet color
123
what does the test of sodium nitroprusside indicate if the solution is red-violet in color?
presence of sulfur
124
sulfide + nitroprusside = what color? and what test does it belong to? and it detects what?
red-violet, belongs to the detection of sulfur namely "Sodium nitroprusside"and it detects the presence of sulfur
125
a portion of the solution (organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water) is treated with lead acetate, the formation of a black precipitate of lead sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur
lead acetate test
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what is formed in the experiment lead acetate test
the formation of a black precipitate of lead sulfide
127
lead acetate and sodium sulfide creates the formation? and indicates the presence of?
black precipitate and presence of sulfur
128
what are the test that indicates the presence of phosphorus?
ammonium molybdate test, magnesia mixture
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a detection of phosphorus where the formation of a yellow crystalline precipitate indicates the presence of phosphorus in the organic compound?
ammonium molybdate test
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what is form during the ammonium molybdate test?
yellow crystalline precipitate
131
what does the yellow precipitate in the ammonium molybdate test indicates?
indicates the presence of phosphorus in the organic compound
132
in the ammonium molybdate test what is the yellow precipitate called and give its chemical formula
ammonium phospho-molybdate (NH4)3PO4 . 12MoO3
133
it is a mixture of magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide is added to the solution of phosphate, what precipitate is formed? and what does it indicate?
white crystalline, presnce of phosphates
134
what is the chemical formula of the precipitate of magnesium ammonium phosphate?
MgNH4PO4
135
what test is used for the detection of halogens?
beilstein test (general test for halogens), silver nitrate test, carbon tetrachloride
136
described the beilstein test process?
heating the clean copper wire in the bunsen flame, creating the presence of a green flame. does not show which halogen is present but only indicates the presence of halogen
137
what is formed during the decomposition of copper halide?
Green flame
138
in the silver nitrate test, what forms an insoluble silver halide with silver nitrate solution in the presence of dilute nitric acid
sodium halides
139
a test where sodium halides form an insoluble silver halide with silver nitrate solution in the presence of dilute nitric acid
silver nitrate test
140
what is necessary to remove by the process of boiling in the silver nitrate test? and why?
cyanid and sulfide ions, these ions forms precipitates which will interfere with the detection of the halogens
141
in the silver nitrate test, the silver halide gives off what color?
white to yellow color
