Chapter 1

Question 1

What is Isotonic?

Answer 1

When fluid is valance (homeostasis) in the cell and surrounding tissues.

Question 2

What is Hypotonic Solutions ?

Answer 2

is a solution that has a lower concentration of solute in the blood vessels, around the cell compared to the cell.

Question 3

What’s Hypertonic Solution?

Answer 3

If the surrounding solution has a higher solute concentration compared to inside the cell

Question 4

What is ICF

Answer 4

inside the cell 40% or 2/3 of our body fluid. H2O, Particle ( protein, electrolytes , etc).

Question 5

What is ECF:

Answer 5

• Body Fluids outside the cell membrane
• 1/3 of total fluid volume
• 3 Subdivisions of Fluid
Intravascular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Transcellular (don’t need to know but goes in the pericardium, synovial, and plural effusion etc.)

Question 6

What is Intravascular?

Answer 6

(know this – our main focus) – aka serum, blood, atravascular fluid (fluid is the blood vessels)
• Blood and Plasma (Liquid)

Question 7

What is Interstitial?

Answer 7

(know this – secondary focus)
• Fluid that surrounds cells
• Lymph
• found in lungs as well

Question 8

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

Answer 8

Pushing or Driving force
1. Pushing mechanism that forces fluid movement
• Creates pressure within a compartment
2. Through capillary walls (vascular system) and into tissues
3. The direction fluid shifts depend on hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Question 9

What is Third Spacing?

Answer 9

(fluid pushed out into interstitial spacing)
1. Fluid has shifted, and is not usable to ICF or ECF. ECF fluid shifts into a space that doesn’t contribute to equilibrium
3. Referred to as “third spacing”- it is a third space fluid shift
4. Signs and Symptoms
• 1st sign of third spacing is decreased urine output
• Fluid depletion: Tachycardia, decreased BP, decreased CVP (central venous pressure/Heart pressure that is indicative of fluid volume status?)
• Edema, weight gain
5. Causes
• Examples: Liver disease, cancer, burns, immobility, malabsorption
• Increase fluid

Question 10

What is Electrolytes?

Answer 10

(Particles/solutes)
1. Chemicals in body fluids that are either positive (Cations are +) or negatively (Anions are -) charged
• Cations (+): Na, K, Ca, Mg, and H hydrogen
• Anions (-): Cl, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate

Question 11

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

Answer 11

• Movement of fluid & Particles through Capillary walls and into tissues
• Driven by pressure exerted, by fluid, on walls of blood vessel

Question 12

What is Osmotic Pressure?

Answer 12

• Movement of fluid across cell membranes – caused by concentration of proteins or particles
• Pulling force exerted by proteins
• The one with the stronger driving force will determine direction of fluid shift
• Goal- Homeostasis and equal balance

Question 13

What is Osmolality?

Answer 13

used to evaluate the # of particles in a weight.
• # Milliosmoles per kg of solvents. 270-295mOsm/kg
• urine
• hypo/hyper/osmolar

Question 14

What is Osmolarity ?

Answer 14

assess concentration of a fluid in a liter (volume). Particles per L of fluid
• # Of milliosmoles per liter of solution
• Describes concentration of solutes
• Blood or IV fluids

Question 15

What is Tonicity/IV fluids?

Answer 15

• The ability for solutes to cause osmotic driving force (changes the concentration to alter osmosis in the body.
• Makes water move from one fluid to another

Question 16

What are theTransport Mechanisms 4?
Diffusion (2 types):
a. Active Transport
b. Facilitated Transport
3. Osmosis

Answer 16

– 4 types: keep fluid at the right concentration
Diffusion: Transport
• MOVES SOLUTES - ions and molecules
• Higher particle concentration to lower particle concentration
• Occurs between cells and/or between fluid
Facilitated Transport:
• Passive Mechanism
• No Energy required
Active Transport:
• ACTIVE MECHANISM – moves particles back to where concentration is high
• ENERGY REQUIRED ATP
• Example: sodium potassium pump – puts sodium in the blood and potassium in the cell.
Filtration: Transport (hydrostatic pressure)
• Water pushing mechanism
• MOVES SOLVENT - Can move solutes
• Hydrostatic pressure: Water Pushing
• Gradient driven
• Passive transport
• Examples
• (-) Pitting Edema: (backfire: when filtration isn’t working, can’t keep up w d/e process)
• (+) Capillary Exchange (healthy)

• Osmosis: Transport
• Movement of water through a Semi-permeable membrane
• Continuous Process to achieve balanced concentration
• A membrane must exist between two fluid filled spaces AND a gradient exists with particles that can’t pass through the membrane
• Particles can’t pass! But water CAN to even out the concentration
• The force is determined by the gradient
• Higher gradient = increased force
• Water Moves from higher water concentration (lower particle concentration) to lower water (higher particle concentration) – [Prof says to know for test]
• LOW PARTICLE CONCENTRATION TO HIGH PARTICLE CONCENTRATION