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CHEM 121 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry is the study of what?

A

matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes

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2
Q

Define matter

A

the physical material of the universe; anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

What is the term that means, “any characteristic that allows us to recognize a type of matter and distinguish it from others”

A

property

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4
Q

elements are composed of _____ kind of atom

A

one

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5
Q

compounds have at least ____ kinds of atoms

A

two

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6
Q

define molecule

A

two or more atoms joined in specific shapes

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7
Q

how many elements are there?

A

118

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8
Q

all substances are either ________ or compounds

A

elements

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9
Q

elements are made of how many kinds of atoms?

A

one

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10
Q

compounds are made of how many kinds of atoms?

A

two

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11
Q

matter is characterized by its _______ state and its __________

A

physical, composition

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12
Q

which state of matter has no fixed volume or shape and can be compressed or expanded?

A

gas

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13
Q

which state of volume has a distinct volume independent of its container and assumes shape of container it occupies and is not easily compressed?

A

liquid

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14
Q

a _______ has both a definite shape and volume and is not easily compressed

A

solid

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15
Q

how do molecules behave in gas form?

A

far apart and moving at high speeds

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16
Q

how do molecules behave in a liquid?

A

packed together but move rapidly

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17
Q

how do molecules behave in a solid?

A

molecules are tightly packed together and molecules can only wiggle slightly in their fixed positions

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18
Q

define pure substance

A

matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample

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19
Q

list two examples of pure substances

A

sodium chloride and water

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20
Q

________ are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

A

elements

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21
Q

_______ are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

A

mixtures

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22
Q

how do molecules of a compound differ from the molecules of an element?

A

compounds are made of two kinds of molecules; elements are made of one kind of molecule

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23
Q

which five elements compose 90 percent of the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium

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24
Q

oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen compose 90 percent of the mass in what?

A

human body

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25
what element constitutes 74 percent of the mass in the milky way galaxy?
hydrogen
26
what element constitutes 24 percent of the mass in the milky way galaxy?
helium
27
how are the elements in the periodic table arranged ?
in columns so that closely related elements ar grouped together
28
elements can interact with other elements to form _________
compounds
29
explain the 2 in H2O
two H atoms
30
decomposing pure water shows that it contains 11 percent _________
hydrogen
31
decomposing pure water shows that it contains 89 percent _________
oxygen
32
who first stated the law of constant composition?
joseph louis proust
33
explain law of constant composition
a pure compound has the same composition and properties under the same natural laws
34
a pure substance has a ______ composition
fixed
35
define heterogeneous mixtures
mixtures that do not have the same composition, properties, and appearance throughout
36
give an example of a heterogeneous mixture
rocks, wood, trail mix
37
define homogeneous mixture
mixtures uniform throughout
38
give an example of a homogeneous mixture
air, kool aid in water
39
homogeneous mixtures are also called ________
solutions
40
the properties of matter can be categorized as ________ or __________
physical, chemical
41
define physical properties
can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance
42
give examples of physical properties
color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness
43
define chemical properties
the way a substance may change or react to form other substances
44
give an example of a chemical property
flammability
45
define intensive properties
properties not depending on the amount of sample being examined
46
why are intensive properties useful in chemistry?
they can be used to identify substances
47
define extensive properties
properties depending on the amount of sample
48
give two examples of extensive properties
mass and volume
49
what happens during a physical change?
a substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition
50
all changes of state are __________ changes
physical
51
what happens during a chemical change or reaction?
a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance
52
give an example of a chemical change
when hydrogen burns in air, it undergoes a chemical change because it combines with oxygen to form water
53
SI units stand for
the international system of units
54
What is the SI unit and abbreviation for length?
meter, m
55
What is the SI unit and abbreviation for mass?
kilogram, kg
56
What is the SI unit and abbreviation for temperature?
kelvin, K
57
What is the SI unit and abbreviation for the amount of substance?
mole, mol
58
Distillation is good for _________ mixtures
homogeneous
59
filtration is good for __________ mixtures
heterogeneous
60
distillation depends on the different abilities of substances to form ______
gases
61
the metric system was developed where and what century?
France during the late eighteenth century
62
combustion, oxidation, and decomposition are all examples of ________ changes
chemical
63
changes of state, temperature, and volume are all examples of _________ changes
physical
64
what is the SI unit and abbreviation for volume?
cubic centimeter, cc or cm cubed. Or, liter, l
65
Give the symbol of lithium
Li
66
Give the symbol of sodium
Na
67
Give the symbol of potassium
K
68
Give the symbol of rubidium
Rb
69
Give the symbol of caesium
Cs
70
Give the symbol of francium
Fr
71
Give the symbol of beryllium
Be
72
Give the symbol of magnesium
Mg
73
Give the symbol of calcium
Ca
74
Give the symbol of strontium
Sr
75
Give the symbol of barium
Ba
76
Give the symbol of radium
Ra
77
Give the symbol of helium
He
78
Give the symbol of neon
Ne
79
Give the symbol of argon
Ar
80
Give the symbol of krypton
Kr
81
Give the symbol of xenon
Xe
82
Give the symbol of radon
Rn
83
Give the symbol of fluorine
F
84
Give the symbol of chlorine
Cl
85
Give the symbol of bromine
Br
86
Give the symbol of iodine
I
87
Give the symbol of oxygen
O
88
Give the symbol of sulfur
S
89
Give the symbol of selenium
Se
90
define composition
whether a substance is an element, compound, or mixture

CHEM 121 (8 decks)

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