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Theories of personality > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

The underlying causes within the person of individualindividuel behavior and experience

the set of traits and patterns of thought, behavior, and feelings that make you you.

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2
Q

Personality description

A

The ways in which we should characterize an individual

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3
Q

Personality dynamics

A

The motivational aspects of personality

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4
Q

Personality development

A

Formation or change over time

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5
Q

Individual differences

A

Identifying the ways individuald differ from one another

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6
Q

Types

A
  • Categories of people with similar characteristics
  • A person belongs to one and only one category.
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7
Q

Traits

A
  • A characteristic that varies from one person to another and that causes a person’s more or less consistent behavior
  • Describes a barrower scope of behavior
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8
Q

Factors

A

Differ from most traits by being broader

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9
Q

William Sheldon and his typology of personality

A
  • Based on body types
  • Endomorph- heavy and easy-going
  • Mesomorph- muscular and aggressive
  • Ectomorph- Thin and intellectual or artistic
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10
Q

What did Gordon Allport do?

A

Investigated the ways in which traits combine to form normal personalities, cataloguing over 18000 seperate traits over a period of 30 years

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11
Q

Factor analysis

A

Grouping traits into clusters

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12
Q

What did Raymond B Catell do?

A

He reduced Allport’s extensive list of traits to 16 fundamental groups of interrelated characteristics

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13
Q

What claimed Eysenck?

A

That personality could be described on 3 fundamental factors:
* Psychoticism
* introversion-extroversion
* emotionality-stability

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14
Q

Nomothetic

A
  • Comparisons with other groups of individuals.
  • Comparing various people’s scores on a test
  • Taking a personality test and seeing if you scored higher or lower than most people
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15
Q

Idiographic

A
  • Studies individuals one at a time
  • Intensive case study of a singe individual
  • A clinical report about an unusual psychiatric patient.
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16
Q

Personality dynamics

A

What is the motivation

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17
Q

What does personality dynamics include?

A
  • Adaptation and adjustment
  • Cognitive processes
  • Culture
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18
Q

Adaptation and adjustment

A

An individual’s way of coping with the world, of adjusting to demands and opportunities in the environment

Ex:
* How do people adapt to life’s demands
* How does a mentally healthy person act?

19
Q

Cognitive processes

A

What role does thinking play

Ex:
* Do our thoughts affect our pesonality?
* What kinds of thoughts are important for personality?

20
Q

Culture

A

Historically, personality theories focused on the individual, leaving culture and society in the background.

Ex:
* How does culture influence our functioning?
* Does culture affect us by its expectations for men and woman? For different classes?

21
Q

Biological influences

A

Could it be that personality is genetically determined?

22
Q

Temperament

A

Consistent styles of behavior and emotional reactions that are present from infancy onward, presumably due to biological influences

23
Q

The scientific method

A

Method of knowing based on systematic observation

24
Q

Determinism

A

People’s behavior is entirely determined by their heredity and environment

25
Q

Theory

A

A conceptual tool for understanding certain specific phenomena

26
Q

Theoretical constructs

A

The concepts of a theory

27
Q

Operational definitions

A

Statements, identifying that observable phenomena are evidence of a particular trait

28
Q

Theoretical propositions

A

Tells how the constructs are related

29
Q

What is the criteria of a good theory?

A
  • Verifiability= It can predict correctly or incorrectly
  • Comprehensiveness= It applies to a variety of phenomena/ It explains a broad range of behaviors
  • Applied value= it offers practical strategies for improving human life/ Applied research vs. Basic research
    * Parsimony and heuristic value= A small number of constructs to explain phenomena
30
Q

What is the relationship between a theory and research?

A

A theory leads to research and research leads to a theory

31
Q

Verifiability

A

Testable through empirical methods

32
Q

Comprehensiveness

A
  • It explains a broad range of behavior
  • It applies to a variety of phenomena
33
Q

Applied value

A
  • Offering practical strategies for improving human life
  • Applied research= conducted to solve practical problems VS
  • Basic research= conducted for the purpose of advancing theory and scientific knowledge
34
Q

Parsimony and heuristic value

A

Parsimony theory= one that does not propose an excessive number of narrow constructs or propositions if a smaller number of broad constructs could explain the phenomena under consideration.

Heuristic value= The ability of a theory to suggest new ideas for further theory and research

35
Q

Reliability

A

Repeatability, as when a measurement is repeated at another time or by another observer, with similar results

36
Q

What are methods of reliability?

A
  • Test-retest= Testing on two different points
  • Alternate forms reliability= Giving different versions of the questionnaire
  • Split-half reliability= Giving two halves of the questionnaire
37
Q

Validity

A

The test realy measures what it should measure

38
Q

Measurement techniques

A
  • Direct self-report; multiple choice, questionnaires or inventories
  • Indirect methods; open-ended,
  • Behavioral measures; Helps develop an understanding of personality in its real-world context
39
Q

Correlational research

A

Research method that examines the relationships among measures

40
Q

Experimental research

A

research strategy that manipulates a cause to determine its effect

41
Q

Case studies

A

An intensive investigation of a singe individual.

42
Q

Psychobiography

A

The application of a personality theory to the study of an individuals life

43
Q

Eclectic

A

Combines ideas from a variety of theories

EX:
* Accepting symbolic interpretation of dreams and also effect of reinforcement on behavior. Psychoanalytic and learning

44
Q

Paradigm

A

A basic theoretical model, shared by various theorists and researchers

Theories of personality (4 decks)

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