Chapter 1

Question 1

between 1862 and 1870 the army reserve increased from what to what?

Answer 1

210,000 to 550,000

Question 2

how many peasant disturbances were there in 1861 in reaction to the emancipation edict

Answer 2

1000

Question 3

who tried to assassinate the Tsar in 1866 and failed

Answer 3

Karakazov

Question 4

who did Alexander II appoint as head of the Third Section after the attempted assassination in 1866?

Answer 4

Count Peter Shuvalov

Question 5

when did the Narodnik’s “go to the people”

Answer 5

1874

Question 6

what were the 2 trials in 1877 of the Narodniks

Answer 6

“trial of the 50” and “trial of the 193”

Question 7

which 2 groups did Land and Liberty split into

Answer 7

The Black Repartition and The People’s Will

Question 8

what was the population of Russia in 1859?

Answer 8

70 million

Question 9

how many different nationalities were there in the Russian empire in 1855

Answer 9

100

Question 10

what % of the population did the nobility make up

Answer 10

less than 1%

Question 11

what % of the peasantry were serfs

Answer 11

50% of the peasantry were serfs

Question 12

what % of the peasantry were state owned?

Answer 12

40% of the peasantry were state owned

Question 13

when was the Crimean war?

Answer 13

1853-56

Question 14

what did the Crimean war highlight?

Answer 14

Russia’s lack of industrialisation left them behind Britain and France militarily- they were outdated and needed to modernise to keep up

Question 15

what were the two schools of thought that appeared in the 1850s regarding the need for reform

Answer 15

westernisers and slavophiles

Question 16

what did slavophiles believe

Answer 16

that Russia’s culture was innately superior to the West and therefore had to find a different way to change bespoke to Russia’s different culture of togetherness (the peasant commune)

Question 17

what did westernisers believe?

Answer 17

westernisers wanted industrialisation and urbanisation as well as parliamentary democracy

Question 18

what were the similarities between westernisers and slavophiles

Answer 18

both were patriotic, wanted change, greater communication between the Tsar and his people and a form of national representation- westernisers wanted a constitution and parliamentary democracy, whereas Slavophiles wanted a consultative assembly

Question 19

when was the emancipation of the serfs

Answer 19

1861

Question 20

what did Alexander II say to the Marshalls of the nobility in 1856?

Answer 20

“it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for a time when it starts to abolish itself from below”

Question 21

when did Alexander II make his speech to the Marshalls of the Nobility?

Answer 21

1856

Question 22

what are the 4 different reasons for the emancipation edict?

Answer 22

moral case, risk of revolt, Crimean war and economic reasons

Question 23

what was the moral case for the emancipation edict?

Answer 23

members of the royal family such as the Tsar’s brother Grand Duke Konstantin or liberal advisors such as Nicholas Milyutin may have convinced Alexander that it was wrong to own humans

Question 24

what was the argument that the emancipation was necessary to avoid revolution?

Answer 24

in 1848 there had been revolt across Europe and France had overthrown its monarch establishing the second republic, this would have worried Alexander who may have wanted to make concessions before demands were made for national representation

Question 25

what was the argument that reform (emancipation) was needed because of the Crimean war

Answer 25

the Crimean war (1853-56) indicated that military reform was needed to restore the Russian military to its former glory, reformers suggested a smaller, better trained army, however this would mean shortening the length of conscription from 25 years, worried that the serfs returning from shorter periods of conscription would start revolutionary movements, emancipation was necessary to move forward with military reforms

Question 26

what were the economic reasons for the emancipation edict (1861)

Answer 26

many officials were convinced by economist Adam Smith that free labour was more productive and would provide the key to Russia's industrialisation, as well as creating domestic demand and markets to boost growth, furthermore Russia’s entire economic position was based on grain exports, if the harvest failed they would go into recession

Question 27

were the peasants happy about the emancipation edict?

Answer 27

no, in general they worked less land which was lower quality and still couldn't move freely- tied to the mir rather than the nobility and had to pay redemption payments over the course of 49 years to the government.

Question 28

what did the local government reform of 1864 accomplish

Answer 28

it set up zemstvo- which were local councils elected by peasants and nobles, in charge of health, education and infrastructure, they hired teachers, doctors and agricultural experts known as the "third element"

Question 29

what was the "third element"

Answer 29

the emerging middle class of teachers, doctors and lawyers that grew out of the reforms in the 1860s