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HISTOPATH > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Study of human suffering”

A

Pathology

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2
Q

Devoted to the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

A

Pathology

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3
Q

2 major areas of the study of pathology

A
  1. General
  2. Systemic
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4
Q

Is concerned with the reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease

A

General Pathology

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5
Q

examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs

A

Systemic Pathology

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6
Q

Four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphologic changes
  4. Clinical manifestations
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7
Q

Sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease

A

Pathogenesis

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8
Q

Answers the question: How the disease started?

A

Pathogenesis

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9
Q

The biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body

A

Morphologic changes

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9
Q

What the patient is manifesting; signs, symptoms of disease

A

Clinical manifestations

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9
Q

The father of Modern Pathology

A

Rudolph Virchow

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10
Q

State of equilibrium in the body with respect to the various functions and the different chemical composition of the fluids and tissues

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.

A

Adaptations

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12
Q

extreme hypoplasia or without growth

A

Aplasia

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13
Q

T or F. “Cell injury is reversible up to a certain point, but if the stimulus persists or its severe enough from the beginning , the cell suffers irreversible injury and ultimately cell death”.

A

True

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14
Q

the end result of progressive cell injury, is one of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ

A

Cell death

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15
Q

reduced blood flow

A

Ischemia

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16
Q

Nutrient deprivation triggers an adaptive cellular response that may also culminate in cell death.

A

Autophagy

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17
Q

Two principal pathways of cell death

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Apoptosis
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18
Q

refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

A

Hypertrophy

19
Q

T or F. “The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells”.

A

True

20
Q

a peptide hormone that causes salt secretion by the kidney, decreases blood volume and pressure, and therefore serves to reduce hemodynamic load

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

21
Q

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue

A

Hyperplasia

22
Q

2 division of Physiologic hyperplasia

A
  1. Hormonal hyperplasia
  2. Compensatory hyperplasia
23
Q

a type of physiologic hyperplasia that increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

A

Hormonal hyperplasia

24
Q

a type of physiologic hyperplasia that increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

25
Q

reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

A

Atrophy

26
Q

What are the common causes of atrophy?

A
  1. Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse)
  2. Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
  3. Diminished blood supply
  4. Inadequate nutrition
  5. Loss of endocrine stimulation
  6. Pressure
27
Q

is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, by increase output of new cells from tissue stem cells

A

Hyperplasia

28
Q

this results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells

A

Atrophy

29
Q

is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to find nutrients and survive

A

Autophagy (“self eating”)

30
Q

brown discoloration of the tissue

A

Brown atrophy

31
Q

a reversable change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

A

Metaplasia

32
Q

is the result of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue

A

Metaplasia

33
Q

is a deficiency of oxygen which causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration

A

Hypoxia

34
Q

What are the causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Oxygen deprivation
  2. Physical agents
  3. Chemical agents and drugs
  4. Infectious agents
  5. Immunologic reactions
  6. Genetic derangement
  7. Nutritional Imbalances
35
Q

this appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis and is the result of failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane

A

Cellular swelling

36
Q

Two features of reversible cell injury can be recognized under the light microscope

A
  1. Cellular swelling
  2. Fatty change
37
Q

occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury and it manifested by the appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

A

Fatty change

38
Q

is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

A

Cellular swelling

39
Q

What are the ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury?

A
  1. Plasma membrane alterations
  2. Mitochondrial changes
  3. Dilation of the ER
  4. Nuclear alterations
40
Q

characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia where chromatin condenses into a solid, shrunken basophilic mass

A

Pyknosis

41
Q

the pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation; nucleus in the necrotic cell totally disappears

A

Karyorrhexis

42
Q

basophilia of the chromatin may fade

A

Karyolysis

43
Q

is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days

A

Coagulative necrosis

44
Q

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called

A

Infarct

45
Q

is characterized by digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

A

Liquefactive necrosis

46
Q

is a form of necrosis that is most often encountered in foci of tuberculous infection

A

Caseous necrosis

47
Q
A

HISTOPATH (1 decks)

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