Chapter 1

Question 1

Speech Sound Disorders

Answer 1

-Persistent, unintelligible speech consisting of phoneme addition, omission, distortion, or substitution
-Which interferes with verbal communication for purposes of social participation, academic performance, and or occupational performance. (means different things throughout the lifespan)
-The onset of symptoms occur in early childhood
-And is not attributable to an acquired mental or neurological condition (such as brain injury)

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

is the child’s speech atypical?

Question 3

Assessment

Answer 3

How do we determine what kind of SSD

Question 4

Treatment

Answer 4

How do we remediate the specific type of SSD

Question 5

Difference between Speech and Language

Answer 5

Can have language without speech and speech without language

Question 6

Speech

Answer 6

the production of the mechanism

Question 7

Langauge

Answer 7

the listeners input and how they convey what is said
- bound based (culture, geographically, etc)

Question 8

Phonemic

Answer 8

-studies the way we understand sounds
-allophones, intonation, syllables, assimilation, juncture, swaps

Question 9

Phonetic

Answer 9

studies the actual sounds we produce in speech
- vocal tract, phonation type, characteristics of sound, lisps, distortion of sound

Question 10

phonemes

Answer 10

(written in virgules / /) : the smallest unit of sound that signals change in meaning (/bit/ vs /pit/)

Question 11

Phonemic Variation

Answer 11

(written in brackets [ ]) refers to details in the signal that does not necessarily indicate change in a phonemic category. (ex. aspiration)

Question 12

Allophones

Answer 12

refer within-category variants (in the above example, [p] and p^h] are allophones of /p/)

Question 13

Morphemes

Answer 13

the smallest unit of sound that signals meaning (ex. 2 morphemes in “cats” -’cat’ and plural ‘s’)

Question 14

Articulation

Answer 14

-major aspects contribute to SSD
-Phonetic level
-Unable to produce the sounds

Question 15

Phonology

Answer 15

-Linguistic aspects contribute to SSD
-Phonemic level
-Unable to recognise patterns in speech

Question 16

Respiration

Answer 16

we speak on exhaled air, can have speech breakdowns if not having proper breaths

Question 17

Phonation

Answer 17

by closing our vocal folds over exhaled air, we vibrate the outward airflow, what produces the precept of voice, voice/unvoiced

Question 18

Articulation

Answer 18

we use the different configurations of out vocal tract to modulate the airflow
-ex. dropping your velum and closing your mouth

Question 19

Resonance

Answer 19

we use the different configurations of our oral/nasal cavities to modulate the resonance

Question 20

Vowels

Answer 20

• produced with no direct constriction of expired airflow
  tends to be louder and longer in duration than consonants
  -described by height/forwardness/backness

Question 21

Consonants

Answer 21

-produced with varying degrees of constriction of expired airflow
-airflow turbulent for obstruents
-airflow laminar for sonorants
-described by the articulators involved in production

Question 22

Front vowels

Answer 22

/i/, /e/, /æ/, /ɛ/

Question 23

Central Vowels

Answer 23

/ə/, /ʌ/

Question 24

Back Vowels

Answer 24

/u/, /o/, /ʊ/, /ɔ/ (rounded)

Question 25

Mid Central

Answer 25

/ə/, /ʌ/

Question 26

High Front

Answer 26

/i/

Question 27

High Back

Answer 27

/u/, /ʊ/

Question 28

Mid Front

Answer 28

/e/, /ɛ/

Question 29

Mid Back

Answer 29

/ɔ/, /o/

Question 30

Low Back

Answer 30

/a/

Question 31

Low Front

Answer 31

/æ/

Question 32

Consonant Articulation: Manner

Answer 32

-Stops: airflow stopped (p, b, t, d, k, g) -Fricatives: partial obstruction of airflow (f, v, s, z, h, θ,ð,ʒ,ʃ) -Affricates: combination stop + fricative (tʃ, dʒ) -Nasals: Airflow diverted through the nasal cavity (n, m, ŋ) -Liquid: airflow narrowly constricted (l, r) -Glides: airflow narrowly constricted/more about transitions (w, v)

Question 33

Consonant Articulation:Acoustic Properties

Answer 33

-Stops: silence followed by burst, low volume, short duration - Fricatives + Affricates: high frequency spectra, medium volume, short(ish) duration -Nasals: low frequency spectra, medium volume, medium duration -Liquids + Glides: low-frequency spectra, high volume, medium duration

Question 34

What kind of errors are more common: vowels or consonants?

Answer 34

Consonants, more articulators aka more room for error, muscle strength, size of mouth, no constriction, vowels last longer, consonants are constantly changing.

Question 35

Coarticulation

Answer 35

-speech sounds are not produced in isolation - refers to the temporal overlap in motor gestures involved in speech production