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Drugs And The Brain > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

A

Absorption

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2
Q

Rapid tolerance formed during a single administration of a drug as is the case with alcohol

A

Acute tolerance

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3
Q

Drug interactions characterized by the collective sum of the two individual drug effects

A

Additive effects

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4
Q

Of a molecule to buy into a receptor, which then determines potency

A

Affinity

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5
Q

Star shaped glial cells that have numerous extensions and modulate the chemical environment around neurons metabolically assist, neurons, and provide phagocytosis  for cellular debris

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

The collective term for astrocytes

A

Astroglia

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7
Q

The reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically that involves learning, either instrumental or classical conditioning

A

Behavioral tolerance

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8
Q

A metabolic process that converts an inactive drug into an active one

A

Bioactivation

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9
Q

Concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites

A

Bioavailability 

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10
Q

Quantifiable biological process that can be used to determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug

A

Biomarker

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11
Q

activation of a drug through a chemical change, usually by metabolic processes, catalyzed by enzymes in the liver

A

Bio transformation 

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12
Q

Fluid that surrounds The brain and spinal cord providing cushioning that protects against trauma. It also fills the cerebral ventricles in the central canal of the spinal cord.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]

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13
Q

Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a condition stimulus in a listens a response that is similar to the original unconditioned response. This type of learning has a role in drug use and tolerance.

A

Classical conditioning .

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14
Q

That binds to a receptor, but has little or no efficacy when it competes with an agonist for receptor sites, it reduces the effect of the agonist

A

Competitive antagonists


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15
Q

Difference in an ounce, or concentration of a substance on each side of a biological. Such as the cell membrane.

A

Concentration gradient

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16
Q

Produce the opposite effect of typical agonist of that receptor

A

Inverse agonists

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17
Q

have a lower intrinsic activity at receptors than full agonists, allowing them to act either as a functional agonist or a functional antagonist, depending on the surrounding levels of naturally occurring neurotransmitter

I have a little efficacy for juicing week or biological effects than a full Agnes hence the act as agonist at some receptors and antagonist at others, depending on the regional concentration of full Agnes these were previously called mixed agonist antagonist

A

Partial agonist

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18
Q

Receptor proteins and produce no cellular affect after binding , and also prevent an active ligand from binding

A

Receptor antagonists

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19
Q

Finding initiate a biological action, e.g., the ability of an agonist to activate it’s receptor

A

Efficacy

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20
Q

Neurochemicals or drugs that can bind to a particular receptor protein, and alter the shape of the receptor to initiate a cellular response

A

Receptor agonists

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21
Q

Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor

A

Ligand

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22
Q

A part of the cell that binds with specific ligands to initiate specific biological changes within the cell

A

Receptors

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23
Q

Physiological in bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target tissue responsible for the drugs effects

A

Pharmacodynamics

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24
Q

Amount of drug necessary to produce a specific response. It is dependent on the Infiniti of the drug for the receptor in the strength of the signaling mechanism, elicited by the drug receptor complex.

A

Potency

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25
Q

Relationship between the drug does that result in a toxic response in the dose required for the desired biological response it is represented by the equation TI equals TD subscript 50 divided by ED subscript 50 where TD subscribe 50 is the dose that is toxic for 50% of the population and ED subscript 50 is the effective dose for 50%

A

Therapeutic index

26
Q

Reduce the effects of an agonist, but do not compete at the receptor site. The drug me buying to inactive portion of the receptor disturb the cell membrane around the receptor or interrupt The cellular processes initiated by the Agonist receptor association.

A

Non-competitive antagonists

27
Q

Direction characterized by two drugs, that act and distinct ways, and reduce each other’s effectiveness in the body

A

Physiological antagonism

28
Q

Interactions characterized by the collective, some of the two individual drug effects

A

Additive effects

29
Q

Direction characterized by an increase in effectiveness greater than the collective, some of the individual drugs

A

Potentiation

30
Q

What drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure

A

Tolerance

31
Q

Tolerance to a specific drug can reduce the effectiveness of another drug in the same class

A

Cross tolerance

32
Q

Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism

A

Drug disposition tolerance

33
Q

Also called drug disposition tolerance. Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by reduce amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism.

A

Metabolic tolerance

34
Q

Type of tolerance formed by changes in nerve cell functions in response to the continued presence of a drug

A

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

35
Q

Physiological state that occurs at drug sensation in an individual following chronic drug use. It is the defining element of physical dependence.

A

Withdrawal syndrome

36
Q

Developed need for a drug, such as alcohol or opioids by the body as a result of prolonged drug use termination of drug use, will lead to withdrawal syndrome symptoms

A

Physical dependence

37
Q

Type of learning in which animals learn to respond to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. It explains drug tolerance, when an animal learns to engage in behavior, when under the influence of a drug.

A

Operant conditioning

38
Q

Condition, characterized by better performance of a particular task that was learned in a drugged state in the same drugged state rather than in a non-drugs date tasks learned in a non-drug state, or likewise perform better in a non-drugged state

A

State. Dependent learning.

39
Q

Response to a particular drug after repeated drug exposure, also called reverse tolerance

A

 Sensitization

40
Q

Study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response among individuals

A

Pharmacogenetics

41
Q

Role of epigenetic modifications, an individual variation in response to drug effects

A

Pharmacoepigenetics

42
Q

Is to a gene arising from environmental or behavioral factors that can influence gene function

A

Epigenetic

43
Q

Liver enzymes in the microsomal enzyme, group responsible for both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation of psychoactive drugs

A

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

44
Q

Liver cells responsible for metabolizing, exogenous substances such as drugs

A

Microsomal enzymes

45
Q

The desired blood concentration of drug achieved, when the absorption/distribution phase is equal to the metabolism/excretion face

A

Steady state plasma level

46
Q

 Process of drug elimination, characterized by a constant rate of drug removal from the body, regardless of drug concentration in the blood

A

Zero-order kinetics

47
Q

In active sites where drugs accumulate, There is no biological affect from drugs, biting at the site nor can they be metabolized

A

Drug depots

48
Q

Type of drug interaction involving binding to an inactive site, such as to proteins in the plasma to bone or to fat

A

Depot binding

49
Q

Connection between cells characterized by a fusing of a joining cell membranes in cerebral capillaries. The lack of small gaps prevents the movement of molecules across the capillary wall of molecules are lipid soluble

A

Tight junctions

50
Q

Including a virus, drug environmental, pollutants radiation that induces abnormal fetal development causing birth defects

A

Teratogens

51
Q

Quantifiable determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug

A

Bio marker

52
Q

Taking multiple blood samples to directly measure plasma levels of a drug after administration to identify the optimum dosage for maximum therapeutic potential and minimal side effects

A

Therapeutic Drug monitoring

53
Q

 Molecular changes associated with the drug binding to particular target site or receptor

A

Drug action

54
Q

Alterations in physiological, or psychological functions associated with a specific drug

A

Drug effects

55
Q

UnDesired, physical, or behavioral changes associated with a particular drug

A

Side effects

56
Q

 Physical or behavioral changes associated with bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target site

A

specific drug affects

57
Q

Change is not associated with the chemical activity. The truck receptor interaction, but with certain unique characteristics of the individual such as present mood or expectations of drug effects

A

Nonspecific drug effects

58
Q

Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has been taken orally

A

First-pass metabolism

59
Q

Drug delivery method requiring placement of the drug, (sometimes in the form of a suppository) in the rectum

A

Rectal administration

60
Q

Study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

A

Pharmacology

61
Q

Area of pharmacology specializing in drug induced changes in mood thinking and behavior

A

Psychopharmacology

Drugs And The Brain (12 decks)

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