Chapter 1 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Ubiquity
A
Appearing everywhere
Common
2
Q
Amino acid
A
Organic compound with amino, carboxyl, and functional groups bonded to a common carbon
3
Q
Nucleotide
A
A compound of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate
4
Q
Nucleotides are either
A
Purine or prymadine
5
Q
Prurine
A
A and G
6
Q
Prymadine
A
C, U and T
7
Q
Nucleus acid
A
Macromolecule made of nucleotides
Stores and transfers information
8
Q
Evidence of a Common ancestor
A
Similar cell structures
Similar biochemical processes
9
Q
Model organisms
A
Bacteria, yeast, worms, mice
10
Q
Purpose of model organisms
A
Understanding human health
11
Q
Organisms that look closer to humans
A
Have similar biochemical processes
12
Q
Unity
A
Life originates from the same ancestral organisms
13
Q
Diversity
A
Evolution has created life in forms of varying size, shape, colour, etc.
14
Q
Living systems require
A
A limited variety of atoms and molecules
15
Q
Four major classes of biomolecules
A
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
16
Q
Central dogma
A
Principles of information transfer
17
Q
Biological information transfer
A
Flow from genes to the making of proteins
18
Q
Membranes
A
Define cells (compartmentalize)
Carry out cell functions
Controls substance flow and concentration
19
Q
What elements make up 98% of the atoms in any organism
A
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
20
Q
H and O’s prevalence is due to the fact that
A
Water is readily available
21
Q
Carbons wide use is due to its
A
Stable and versatile properties
Goldilocks
22
Q
The key atom
A
Carbon
23
Q
Why can carbon make big molecules
A
It can make 4 covalent bonds and bond to itself
24
Q
Backbone of organic molecules
A
Carbon
25
Exists as a positive ion in cells
N
Shares extra electrons
26
Exists as a negative ion in cells
O
Shares needed electrons
27
Which elements are neutral within cells
C and H
28
Free ions
Captured by proteins to avoid reactive consequences
29
Problem with free ions
They are highly reactive and therefore toxic
30
Controlled reactions
Processes not accidents
31
Ways to obtain elements
Surroundings (air and water)
Nutrition
32
Air and water are sources of
Give carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
33
Nutrition
Give mainly nitrogen and phosphorus as well as other elements
34
Which elements make up proteins
C, H, O, N, S
35
Which elements make up nucleic acids
C, H, O, N, P
36
Which elements make up lipids
C, H, O, P, N
37
Which elements make up
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Rarely N
38
Proteins are
Linear polymers of 20 amino acids
39
Most abundant biomolecule
Lipids
40
Most basic biomolecule
Carbohydrates
41
Why are carbohydrates the most basic biomolecule
They are obtained from open resources (light and water)
42
Proteins
Have many functions
43
Functions of proteins
Signals
Receptors
Enzymes (catalysts)
Carriers
Pores/pumps
Structure
44
Protein structure leads to
Specific function
45
In order for proteins to be stable they must be
Compact and ordered
46
Why do proteins fold
Hydrophobic interaction
47
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophobic interior
hydrophilic exterior
48
Hydrophobic collapse
Optimization of interaction with water
49
Water is polar
True
50
Amino acid polarity
Some are others are not
Leads to folding based on environment
51
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
52
Polar
Hydrophilic
53
Is water polar or non polar
Polar
Polar things like it
54
Proteins are created by
Genes that create a unique amino acid polymer
55
Information molecules
Nucleic acids
56
What are the building blocks of Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
57
Types of Nucleic acids
2
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
58
DNA
Lacking an O
Double helix
59
RNA
Full O
Single strand
60
DNA bases
A C T G
61
DNA components
Deoxyribose, phosphate, base
62
RNA bases
A C G U
63
RNA components
Ribose, phosphate, base
64
Difference between RNA and DNA
Presence of O on sugar
Number of polymers (1 or 2)
65
How many building blocks do proteins have
20
66
How many building blocks do DNA and RNA have
4
67
ATP
Nucleotide
Three P = lots of energy
68
ATP powers what
Biological processes
69
If you do more activities do you need more or less ATP
More
70
Why doesn’t ATP accumulate in a system
It is used immediately and cycles through a system
71
DNA’s exclusive pairs
G/C
A/T
72
DNA strands are
Anti parallel
They build oppositely
73
DNA replication
One strand is used as a template
74
DNA strands are
Double proof
One base has an opposite to replicate itself
75
Double helix
Twisted backbone shape of DNA
Two strands that are connected by their bases
76
Lipids function
Stored Energy
Barriers
Signal molecules
77
Unique lipid properties
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
78
Key to life
Compartmentalization
79
Compartmentalization
Membranes created by lipids separate concentrations and environments
80
More complex cells have
More compartments (organelles)
81
Bilayer
Double layer of lipids creating a membrane
82
Monolayer
Sides vary in polarity
Not functional
83
Carbohydrate function
Fuel source and signal molecules
84
Common carbohydrate and its storage place in animals
Glucose
Glycogen
85
Carbohydrates unique structural property
They are polymers that can branch based on their functional groups
86
Which of the four major biomolecules is linear?
Nucleic acid and protein
87
Which of the four major biomolecules is branched?
Carbohydrates
88
Which of the four major biomolecules is not a polymer?
Lipids
89
First step in the central dogma
replication
90
Replication is carried out by
DNA polymerases (enzymes that make few mistakes)
91
Gene
Specific sequence of DNA
92
Helicase
Opens up the DNA strand
93
How is the second strand created in Replication?
Complimentary base pairing
94
Second step in the central dogma
Transcription
95
RNA polymerase
catalyzes transcription (Turns DNA into RNA)
96
Selective transcription
Transcripting only part of the genome for specific function.
97
Difference in nucleotides between RNA and DNA
RNA has U instead of T
98
After opening the DNA strand how does RNA polymerase work?
It complimentary base pairs to one strand only and keeps the "bubble" open until enough copies have been made
99
Third step in the central dogma
Translation
100
Product of translation
Protein (from RNA)
101
What is the result of transcription
mRNA
102
What carries out translation
ribosomes
103
What is a ribosome made of
RNA
The Oxy state (DNA) is too unstable
104
How many parts does a ribosome have
2 subunits
105
How many bases are needed to code a single amino acid
3
106
How many options are created by base pairs
64 (only 20 AA are created though)
107
The last step of the central dogma
Protein folding
108
How does protein folding happen
Through the hydrophobic effect
109
What predicts how the protein folds?
The amino acid sequence
110
Is the Hydrophobic effect spontaneous
yes
111
what compartmentalizes cell functions
membranes
112
Do prokaryotes have intercellular membranes
No
113
What are different cell compartments called
organelles
114
Where is prokaryotic DNA stored
in the nucleoid rather than a nucleous
115
Lipid structure
Hydrophobic tails (inside)
Hydrophilic heads (outside)
116
Nucleous
Encloses DNA in Eukaryotes
117
How does genetic material move out of the nucleus
Through protein gates in RNA form
118
What is significant about the ER
It has many folds where ribosomes sit for max copying capacity
119
Golgi body function
Adds sugars to proteins for ID purposes
120
Prokaryotic cell external layers
Plasma membrane
cell wall
periplasmic space
outer membrane
121
Secretory vesicles
enclose proteins in membrane for transport into or out of the cell
122
Plasma membrane
Separates a cells insides from its outsides
123
The plasma membrane is mostly impermeable
True
124
What is selective permeability
the ability of a membrane to control substance flow via protein channels
125
Membrane proteins
traverse the plasma membrane to let substances through
126
Plant cell walls main element
cellulose
127
Plant vacuole purpose
Huge storage unit (ions, water, nutrients)
128
Chloroplasts
abundant in photosynthesizers
Use sunlight to make carbohydrates
129
What is cytoplasm
Everything that is not an organelle
130
How is the cytoplasm organized
by the cytoskeleton (structural filaments)
131
How does a cell get its shape
the cytoskeleton
132
Mitochondria
3 chambers with different H+ concentration to generate energy
133
How were mitochondria and chloroplasts added to cells
Endocytosis of bacteria
134
What form of energy is generated by mitochondria
ATP
135
Exocytosis
Secretory vesicles transport biomolecules to the outside of the cell
136
Endocytosis
Endosome transports biomolecules to the inside of the cell
137
Phagocytosis
The process of a cell taking in large amounts of material
138
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes to digest material form with-in the cells or endosomes
