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🟡 BMSC 200 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ubiquity

A

Appearing everywhere
Common

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2
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic compound with amino, carboxyl, and functional groups bonded to a common carbon

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3
Q

Nucleotide

A

A compound of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate

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4
Q

Nucleotides are either

A

Purine or prymadine

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5
Q

Prurine

A

A and G

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6
Q

Prymadine

A

C, U and T

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7
Q

Nucleus acid

A

Macromolecule made of nucleotides
Stores and transfers information

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8
Q

Evidence of a Common ancestor

A

Similar cell structures
Similar biochemical processes

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9
Q

Model organisms

A

Bacteria, yeast, worms, mice

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10
Q

Purpose of model organisms

A

Understanding human health

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11
Q

Organisms that look closer to humans

A

Have similar biochemical processes

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12
Q

Unity

A

Life originates from the same ancestral organisms

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13
Q

Diversity

A

Evolution has created life in forms of varying size, shape, colour, etc.

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14
Q

Living systems require

A

A limited variety of atoms and molecules

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15
Q

Four major classes of biomolecules

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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16
Q

Central dogma

A

Principles of information transfer

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17
Q

Biological information transfer

A

Flow from genes to the making of proteins

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18
Q

Membranes

A

Define cells (compartmentalize)
Carry out cell functions
Controls substance flow and concentration

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19
Q

What elements make up 98% of the atoms in any organism

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon

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20
Q

H and O’s prevalence is due to the fact that

A

Water is readily available

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21
Q

Carbons wide use is due to its

A

Stable and versatile properties
Goldilocks

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22
Q

The key atom

A

Carbon

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23
Q

Why can carbon make big molecules

A

It can make 4 covalent bonds and bond to itself

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24
Q

Backbone of organic molecules

A

Carbon

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25
Q

Exists as a positive ion in cells

A

N
Shares extra electrons

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26
Q

Exists as a negative ion in cells

A

O
Shares needed electrons

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27
Q

Which elements are neutral within cells

A

C and H

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28
Q

Free ions

A

Captured by proteins to avoid reactive consequences

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29
Q

Problem with free ions

A

They are highly reactive and therefore toxic

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30
Q

Controlled reactions

A

Processes not accidents

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31
Q

Ways to obtain elements

A

Surroundings (air and water)
Nutrition

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32
Q

Air and water are sources of

A

Give carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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33
Q

Nutrition

A

Give mainly nitrogen and phosphorus as well as other elements

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34
Q

Which elements make up proteins

A

C, H, O, N, S

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35
Q

Which elements make up nucleic acids

A

C, H, O, N, P

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36
Q

Which elements make up lipids

A

C, H, O, P, N

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37
Q

Which elements make up
Carbohydrates

A

C, H, O
Rarely N

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38
Q

Proteins are

A

Linear polymers of 20 amino acids

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39
Q

Most abundant biomolecule

A

Lipids

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40
Q

Most basic biomolecule

A

Carbohydrates

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41
Q

Why are carbohydrates the most basic biomolecule

A

They are obtained from open resources (light and water)

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42
Q

Proteins

A

Have many functions

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43
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Signals
Receptors
Enzymes (catalysts)
Carriers
Pores/pumps
Structure

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44
Q

Protein structure leads to

A

Specific function

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45
Q

In order for proteins to be stable they must be

A

Compact and ordered

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46
Q

Why do proteins fold

A

Hydrophobic interaction

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47
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

Hydrophobic interior
hydrophilic exterior

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48
Q

Hydrophobic collapse

A

Optimization of interaction with water

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49
Q

Water is polar

A

True

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50
Q

Amino acid polarity

A

Some are others are not
Leads to folding based on environment

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51
Q

Non-polar

A

Hydrophobic

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52
Q

Polar

A

Hydrophilic

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53
Q

Is water polar or non polar

A

Polar
Polar things like it

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54
Q

Proteins are created by

A

Genes that create a unique amino acid polymer

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55
Q

Information molecules

A

Nucleic acids

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56
Q

What are the building blocks of Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

Types of Nucleic acids

A

2
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

58
Q

DNA

A

Lacking an O
Double helix

59
Q

RNA

A

Full O
Single strand

60
Q

DNA bases

A

A C T G

61
Q

DNA components

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, base

62
Q

RNA bases

A

A C G U

63
Q

RNA components

A

Ribose, phosphate, base

64
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA

A

Presence of O on sugar
Number of polymers (1 or 2)

65
Q

How many building blocks do proteins have

A

20

66
Q

How many building blocks do DNA and RNA have

A

4

67
Q

ATP

A

Nucleotide
Three P = lots of energy

68
Q

ATP powers what

A

Biological processes

69
Q

If you do more activities do you need more or less ATP

A

More

70
Q

Why doesn’t ATP accumulate in a system

A

It is used immediately and cycles through a system

71
Q

DNA’s exclusive pairs

A

G/C
A/T

72
Q

DNA strands are

A

Anti parallel
They build oppositely

73
Q

DNA replication

A

One strand is used as a template

74
Q

DNA strands are

A

Double proof
One base has an opposite to replicate itself

75
Q

Double helix

A

Twisted backbone shape of DNA
Two strands that are connected by their bases

76
Q

Lipids function

A

Stored Energy
Barriers
Signal molecules

77
Q

Unique lipid properties

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

78
Q

Key to life

A

Compartmentalization

79
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Membranes created by lipids separate concentrations and environments

80
Q

More complex cells have

A

More compartments (organelles)

81
Q

Bilayer

A

Double layer of lipids creating a membrane

82
Q

Monolayer

A

Sides vary in polarity
Not functional

83
Q

Carbohydrate function

A

Fuel source and signal molecules

84
Q

Common carbohydrate and its storage place in animals

A

Glucose
Glycogen

85
Q

Carbohydrates unique structural property

A

They are polymers that can branch based on their functional groups

86
Q

Which of the four major biomolecules is linear?

A

Nucleic acid and protein

87
Q

Which of the four major biomolecules is branched?

A

Carbohydrates

88
Q

Which of the four major biomolecules is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

89
Q

First step in the central dogma

A

replication

90
Q

Replication is carried out by

A

DNA polymerases (enzymes that make few mistakes)

91
Q

Gene

A

Specific sequence of DNA

92
Q

Helicase

A

Opens up the DNA strand

93
Q

How is the second strand created in Replication?

A

Complimentary base pairing

94
Q

Second step in the central dogma

A

Transcription

95
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes transcription (Turns DNA into RNA)

96
Q

Selective transcription

A

Transcripting only part of the genome for specific function.

97
Q

Difference in nucleotides between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has U instead of T

98
Q

After opening the DNA strand how does RNA polymerase work?

A

It complimentary base pairs to one strand only and keeps the “bubble” open until enough copies have been made

99
Q

Third step in the central dogma

A

Translation

100
Q

Product of translation

A

Protein (from RNA)

101
Q

What is the result of transcription

A

mRNA

102
Q

What carries out translation

A

ribosomes

103
Q

What is a ribosome made of

A

RNA
The Oxy state (DNA) is too unstable

104
Q

How many parts does a ribosome have

A

2 subunits

105
Q

How many bases are needed to code a single amino acid

A

3

106
Q

How many options are created by base pairs

A

64 (only 20 AA are created though)

107
Q

The last step of the central dogma

A

Protein folding

108
Q

How does protein folding happen

A

Through the hydrophobic effect

109
Q

What predicts how the protein folds?

A

The amino acid sequence

110
Q

Is the Hydrophobic effect spontaneous

A

yes

111
Q

what compartmentalizes cell functions

A

membranes

112
Q

Do prokaryotes have intercellular membranes

A

No

113
Q

What are different cell compartments called

A

organelles

114
Q

Where is prokaryotic DNA stored

A

in the nucleoid rather than a nucleous

115
Q

Lipid structure

A

Hydrophobic tails (inside)
Hydrophilic heads (outside)

116
Q

Nucleous

A

Encloses DNA in Eukaryotes

117
Q

How does genetic material move out of the nucleus

A

Through protein gates in RNA form

118
Q

What is significant about the ER

A

It has many folds where ribosomes sit for max copying capacity

119
Q

Golgi body function

A

Adds sugars to proteins for ID purposes

120
Q

Prokaryotic cell external layers

A

Plasma membrane
cell wall
periplasmic space
outer membrane

121
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

enclose proteins in membrane for transport into or out of the cell

122
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates a cells insides from its outsides

123
Q

The plasma membrane is mostly impermeable

A

True

124
Q

What is selective permeability

A

the ability of a membrane to control substance flow via protein channels

125
Q

Membrane proteins

A

traverse the plasma membrane to let substances through

126
Q

Plant cell walls main element

A

cellulose

127
Q

Plant vacuole purpose

A

Huge storage unit (ions, water, nutrients)

128
Q

Chloroplasts

A

abundant in photosynthesizers
Use sunlight to make carbohydrates

129
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Everything that is not an organelle

130
Q

How is the cytoplasm organized

A

by the cytoskeleton (structural filaments)

131
Q

How does a cell get its shape

A

the cytoskeleton

132
Q

Mitochondria

A

3 chambers with different H+ concentration to generate energy

133
Q

How were mitochondria and chloroplasts added to cells

A

Endocytosis of bacteria

134
Q

What form of energy is generated by mitochondria

A

ATP

135
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles transport biomolecules to the outside of the cell

136
Q

Endocytosis

A

Endosome transports biomolecules to the inside of the cell

137
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of a cell taking in large amounts of material

138
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes to digest material form with-in the cells or endosomes

🟡 BMSC 200 (2 decks)

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