Chapter 1

Question 1

What is sociology

Answer 1

the systematic study of human society

Question 2

where did sociology originate from

Answer 2

Europe (France, Germany & England), but the MOST growth was in USA (University of Chicago)

Question 3

when did sociology come about

Answer 3

19th century - 1850

Question 4

why did sociology come into existence

Answer 4

Industrial Revolution (1760-1830s) & French Revolution (1789-1799)

Question 5

who founded sociology

Answer 5

Compte, Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Spencer, Mead, etc.

Question 6

What is the androcentric criticism

Answer 6

male-oriented perspective

Question 7

what is gynocentric perspective

Answer 7

female-oriented perspective

Question 8

what is eurocentric perspective

Answer 8

white-male perspective

Question 9

how is society possible

Answer 9

thomas hobbes’ idea of nature meant war and that men were fighting men. The social contract was created prevent war

Question 10

Karl Marx’s significance

Answer 10

(1818-1883) believed society is a hierarchy and each group’s position in the hierarchy is determined by their role in the production of wealth. bourgeoise (rich) & proletariat (workers)

Question 11

Ibn Khaldûn

Answer 11

arab scholar, founder of sociology

Question 12

John Porter

Answer 12

1921-1979) vertical mosaic - describe hierarchal order of race and religious groups

Question 13

different kinds of sociology

Answer 13

sociology by approach
structural functionalism
conflict theory
symbolic interaction
feminist theory
postmodern theory

Question 14

Macrosociology

Answer 14

focuses on the bigger picture
structural functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory, postmodern theory

Question 15

microsociology

Answer 15

focuses on plans, motivations and actions of smaller groups

symbolic interactionism

Question 16

structural functionalism

Answer 16

key representatives: Durkheim, Merton, Parsons

uses an organic or biological analogy for society

fallen out of favour

Question 17

Émile Durkheim

Answer 17

(1858-1917)
founder of sociology
patterned ways of acting, thinking and feeling that exist outside of any individual
social facts allow sociologists to examine larger groups rather than individuals

Question 18

Robert Merton

Answer 18

(1910-2003)
major contributor to functionalist thinking

manifest functions: religion fulfills spiritual and emotional needs

latent functions: religion creates a support network

latent dysfunctions: religion provides justifications for judging outsiders negatively

Question 19

conflict theory

Answer 19

based on the idea that conflict exists in all large societies due to class division

Question 20

conflict theory’s C’s

Answer 20

conflict, class, contestation, change

Question 21

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 21

meaning (symbolic part) of the daily social interactions rather than larger social structures (macro vs. microsociology)

Question 22

George Mead

Answer 22

examined socialization, the development of the self, and the social roles in the context of human interactions

Question 23

Herbert Blumer

Answer 23

coined the term symbolic interaction
individuals and groups create and maintain social systems through interaction

Question 24

Erving Goffman

Answer 24

canadian sociologist
coined the term total institution: to regulate or control people

i.e prisons, boarding schools, concentration camps

Question 25

feminist theory

Answer 25

rooted in conflict theory addresses issues of systematic discrimination against women

Question 26

Harriet Martineau

Answer 26

first sociologist to systematically examine women's roles in society

Question 27

Dorothy Smith

Answer 27

developed standpoint theory out of her own discrimination in the academic community

Question 28

second feminism wave

Answer 28

focus on public and private rights fighting for equality in the home and workplace

Question 28

first feminism wave

Answer 28

civil and political rights right to vote and hold political office (1900)

Question 28

third feminism wave

Answer 28

inclusion of LGBTQ and racialized people (1980s)

Question 28

totalitarian discourse

Answer 28

refers to any universal claim about how knowledge or understanding is achieved

Question 28

postmodern theory

Answer 28

seeks to include a diversity of voices,, especially those that are drowned out by powerful voice of dominant groups (white, heterosexual, middle and upper-class men)

Question 29

totalitarian

Answer 29

describes a set of beliefs or idea that (totally) dominates all others

Question 29

professional sociology

Answer 29

research designed to generate highly specific information

Question 29

sociology's audience

Answer 29

professional, critical, policy and public

Question 30

critical sociology

Answer 30

aims to bring meaningful social change

Question 31

policy sociology

Answer 31

generates sociological data to be used in the development of social policies, laws, rules or plans 3 main areas: education, health, social welfare

Question 32

public sociology

Answer 32

to make sociology accessible to the public in simple terms