Chapter 1

Question 1

Study of science of drugs.

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living microorganism.

Answer 2

Drug

Question 3

3 drug names

Answer 3

Chemical
Generic
Trade

Question 4

Describe the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

Answer 4

Chemical name

Question 5

Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council.
Shorter than chemical name.
Used as official listing of drugs.

Answer 5

Generic name

Question 6

Drug registered trademark.
Use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent
owner or manufacturer.

Answer 6

Trade name

Question 7

Drug is classified in 2 categories

Answer 7

Structure (ex. beta-adrenergic blockers) Therapeutic Use (ex. antibiotics, antihypertensive, antidepressants)

Question 8

Pharmacologic principles

Answer 8

Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoeconomics

Question 9

The study of how various drug forms (ex. tablet, capsule, syrup, parenteral) influence the way in which the drug affects the body.

Answer 9

Pharmaceutics

Question 10

Different drug dosage forms that hv different pharmaceutical properties
Dosage form determines the rate of dissolution

Answer 10

Pharmaceutics

Question 11

It serves as a barrier to prevent the gastric acids in the stomach from dissolving or degrading drugs that are taken orally.

Answer 11

Enteric coated drugs

Question 12

Prolongs drug absorption and duration.

Answer 12

Extended release forms
Prolongs drug absorption and duration.
 SR (Slow Release / Sustained Release)
 SA (Sustained Action)
 CR (Controlled Release)
 XL (Extended Length)
 XT (Extended Time)

Question 13

Pharmaceutic phases

Answer 13

Tablet-disintegration-dissolution

Question 14

Breakdown of a tablet into small particles.

Answer 14

Disintegration

Question 15

 Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.

Answer 15

Dissolution

Question 16

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral, gastric mucosa, or the small intestine.

Answer 16

Enteral route

Question 17

2 methods of administration of oral route

Answer 17

Applying topically to the mouth.
Swallowing for absorption along the GI tract into
system circulation.

Question 18

is where the dosage form is placed under the tongue.
Rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa.

Answer 18

Sublingual route

Question 19

is where the dosage form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch).

Answer 19

Buccal route

Question 20

Advantages:
 Used in children
 Little or no first-pass effect
 Used in vomiting / unconscious patient
 Higher concentrations rapidly achieved

Answer 20

Rectal route

Question 21

Parenteral route

Answer 21

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intra arterial
Intra articular

Question 22

100% bioavailability.
 Desired blood concentration achieved.
 Large quantities.
 Used in patient with vomiting and diarrhea.
 Used in emergency situations.
 First pass avoided.

Answer 22

Intravenous

Question 23

Absorption reasonably uniform.
 Rapid onset of action.
 Mild irritants can be given.
 First pass avoided.

Answer 23

Intramuscular

Question 24

Injected under the skin.
 Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.

Answer 24

Subcutaneous

Question 25

Drug is given within the dermis layer of skin.  Painful  Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs.

Answer 25

Intradermal

Question 26

Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joint cavities by expert. Ex. hydrocortisone for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 26

Intra-articular

Question 27

 Rarely used  Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases.

Answer 27

Intra-arterial

Question 28

is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin.  Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane.  Skin (ex. transdermal patches, ointments)  Eye  Nose ( ex. sprays)  Ears  Lungs (ex. inhalation)  Vagina  Urethra  Colon

Answer 28

Topical administration / Topical route

Question 29

Absorption of drug through skin.  Stable blood vessels

Answer 29

Transdermal

Question 30

A drug’s time to onset of action,time to peak effect, and duration of action. Study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

Answer 30

Pharmacokinetics

Question 31

The study of what the body does to the drugs.  Absorption  Distribution  Metabolism  Excretion

Answer 31

Pharmacokinetics

Question 32

Is a phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or systemic circulation. It usually occurs in the stomach, small intestine, and liver. The first-pass effect happens most commonly when the drug is administered orally.

Answer 32

First-pass effect

Question 33

Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form.

Answer 33

Pharmacokinetics - Liberation

Question 34

Various release types

Answer 34

Immediate: formulated to release the medicinal drug without delay. Delayed: formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken (usually orally). Extended: formulated to make the drug available over an extended period.

Question 35

3 major processes for drug absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane are:

Answer 35

 Passive Absorption  Active Absorption  Pinocytosis

Question 36

 The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.

Answer 36

Distribution

Question 37

Areas of rapid distribution: Areas of slow distribution:

Answer 37

heart, liver, kidneys, brain muscle, skin, fat

Question 38

The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite.

Answer 38

Metabolism

Question 39

Factors that decreased metabolism: 

Answer 39

Cardiovascular dysfunction  Renal insufficiency  Starvation  Obstructive jaundice

Question 40

Factors that increased metabolism: 

Answer 40

Barbiturate Therapy  Rifampin Therapy  Phenytoin Therapy

Question 41

The elimination of drugs from the body.

Answer 41

Excretion Organs: Kidney, Liver, Bowel

Question 42

The time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.  A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body.

Answer 42

Half life

Question 43

The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

Answer 43

Drug action

Question 44

 The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.

Answer 44

Peak

Question 45

Require that drug products, both prescription and non-prescription, must be pure, effective, and safe.

Answer 45

Federal food, drugs, and cosmetics act of 1938

Question 46

Allows FDA to set good manufacturing practices and mandates regular inspections of production facilities. Transferred to FDA control of prescription drug advertising.

Answer 46

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

Question 47

Monitor, regulate, manufacture and marketing of drugs

Answer 47

1938: Food, Drug, and cosmetic act

Question 48

Established two classes of drugs: RX legend and OTC.

Answer 48

Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 act

Question 49

Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs.

Answer 49

Pure food and Drug Act

Question 50

Federal legislation

Answer 50

2003: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA) 2003: Pediatric Research Equity Act 2007: Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act - mandate post marketing safety studies. 2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act - regulate cigarettes by various measures.

Question 51

Components:  Quality, affordable healthcare for all Americans.  Improved quality and efficiency of health care.  Prevention of chronic disease and improved public health.  Improved access to innovative medical therapies.  Community living services and supports.

Answer 51

2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Question 52

shorten the time which new drugs could be developed and marketed.

Answer 52

1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act –

Question 53

Negligence  Giving the wrong drug or dose that results in the patient’s death.

Answer 53

Misfeasance

Question 54

Omission of a drug dose that results in the patient’s death.

Answer 54

Nomfeasance

Question 55

Giving correct drug via wrong route.

Answer 55

Malfeasance