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psych 305 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

core functional cells which carries information through nervous system

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2
Q

glial cells

A

provide physical and chemical support to neurons

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3
Q

what are the foour major parts of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal

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4
Q

dendrites

A

where the infromation comes in; projections from cell body(soma), of the neurons.

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5
Q

axon

A

glia cell helps axon move faster; portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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6
Q

what do neurons release that crosses s synaptic cleft to communicate with receiving neurons?

A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q

presynaptic

A

cell that sends information (transmits chemical messages)

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8
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

cell that receives information (receives chemical messages)

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

store substances (nutrients )for further use by nearby neurons

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin that surrounds axons of the central nervous system

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system to maintain it

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12
Q

microglia

A

tiny cells that remove debris left behind by damaged or dead neurons

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13
Q

radial glia

A

cells that form a kind of scaffolding that helps guide nearly born neurons to their final destinations

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14
Q

where is gray matter located?

A

In the cell body itself where the dendrites usually are

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15
Q

gray matter

A

majority in the cerebral cortex, outside of the brain

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16
Q

what is white matter made out of?

A

fatty substance

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17
Q

white matter

A

wraps around axons; roots that connect, inside the brain

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18
Q

what are the two key divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

neurons reside entirely within the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

allows the CNS to communicate the peripheral part of the body

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21
Q

what divisions are the PNS divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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22
Q

somatic

A

all muscles; afferent and efferent

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23
Q

afferent

A

carries sensory infromation from the body to the brain

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24
Q

efferent

A

carries motor commands from the brain to the body

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25
autonomic
internal; allows brain to send information to organs
26
What basic habits do the autonomic nervous system control?
breathing and heartbeat
27
what two divisions is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
28
parasympathetic nervous system
resting state, stores energy; decreases heart rates, respiration, etc.; returns blood flow to normal
29
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response; elevated heart rate; preparing. body for emergencies; increasing O2 to muscles via blood flow
30
what are examples of brain imaging techniques?
CT or MRI
31
brain imaging techniques
requires the individual to place the head in a doughnut-shaped scanner while multiple brain images are collected
32
how many neuroanatomical locations and planes are there?
8
33
what are the names of neuroatomical locations and planes?
anterior, posterior, ventral, medial, lateral, saggital, coronal, and horizontal
34
anterior
part of the brain closest to the nose
35
posterior
back of the brain
36
dorsal
refers to the top of the brain
37
ventral
refers to the bottom
38
medial
toward the midline of the brain
39
lateral
away from the midline
40
saggital
slices allow anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral view, but not medial/lateral
41
coronal
slices allow medial/lateral and dorsal/ventral views, but not anterior posteior
42
horizontal
slices allow anterior/posterior and medial/lateral, but not dorsal/ventral
43
the spinal cord
chord by bony vertebrae
44
meninges
three layers of protective tissues covering both the brain and spinal cord
45
afferent neurons
carry infromation from skin to the brain
46
efferent neurons
sends signals from brain to muscles
47
ventricles
the central canal runs through the length of the spinal cord and connects to the brains fluid-filled ventricles; contains cerebrospinal fluid
48
cerebrospinal fluid
helps keep the brain buoyant and acts as a cushion from mechanical damage; assists in maintaining chemical stability and carries nutrients to brain
49
mensencephalon
contains medulla and pons
50
medulla and pons
supports essential physiological funcations (breathing heart rate, blood pressure), sleep and arousal, basic and sensory, and motor responses
51
cerebellum
supports balance and motor coordination
52
what is the cerebellum's nickname?
little brain
53
cerebellar ataxia
a condition in which cerebellar damage results in poor motor coordination
54
midbrain
supports basic motor and attention processes
55
what basic motor and attention processes do the midbrain include?
superior and infeior colliculi, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental
56
superior and inferior colliculi
noticing motion
57
substantia nigra
production of dopamine and origin of Parkinsons
58
ventral tegmental
regulating reward consumption, learning, memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream regions
59
what two major structures do the diencephalon contain?
thalamus and hypothalamus
60
thalamus
relay station; contains 30 nuclei, each relays a specific kind of cognitive sensory, or motor information from its source to the cortex; help with refining information processing; relays non-sensory information to the cortex
61
hypothalamus
releases hormones;size of an almond
62
what key role does the hypothalamus have?
motivated behaviors and has a strong influence on the pituitary gland which releases hormones into the blood stream
63
what are motivated behaviors?
sex, eating, thirst, sleep, and body temperature maintenance
64
basal ganglia
muscle memory; important for learning new behaviors, especially ones that are reinforced by rewards such as food, sex, money, and social approval; contain the striatum
65
muscle memory
a collection of brain regions critical for voluntary movements such as opening a door or reaching for a cup
66
what two key components are located in the limbic system?
amygdala and hippocampus
67
amygdala
learns to recognize signs of imminent threat
68
hippocampus
critical for storing and recalling memories of our experiences
69
cerebral cortex
supports our sensory and motor abilites; supports complex cognitive processes, like language, which defines the human species
70
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal
71
occipital
eyesight
72
temporal
hearing
73
parietal
movement
74
frontal
personality, decision making, etc.

psych 305 (4 decks)

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