Chapter 1

Question 1

something that answers the question “why and how” and it has been tested repeatedly and has so far always been true.

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

scientific study of the physical universe (origin, evolution, fate)

Answer 2

Cosmology

Question 3

science of celestial bodies and phenomena (characteristics, position, motion, composition)

Answer 3

Astronomy

Question 4

It states that the universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point. This tiny “singularity” violently exploded, and from that explosion, all matter, energy, space, and time were created.

Answer 4

The big bang theory

Question 5

Proofs of big bag

Answer 5

Hubble’s law
Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation
Abundance of light elements

Question 6

Galaxies have been observed to be moving from the Earth at speeds that are proportional to their distance.
• Supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that it was once compacted

Answer 6

Hubble’s law

Question 7

• Pervades (spread through) ALL the known universe.
• The CMB is the evidence of the theory’s statement that if the universe was extremely hot and extremely small at one point in time, then there should be evidence of this extreme temperature across the universe

Answer 7

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation

Question 8

•The sheer volume of light elements, Hydrogen and Helium in the observable universe.
•Supports the model since these are the first elements to form in the high- energy environment during and shortly after the Big Bang.

Answer 8

Abundance of light elements

Question 9

Expansion implies that at some point the universe was smaller
… if it is expanding, the universe must have been smaller

Question 10

Streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere

Answer 10

Meteor

Question 11

Rocky body smaller than a planet that orbits the sun

Answer 11

Asteroid

Question 12

Meteor fragment that reaches the ground

Answer 12

Meteorite

Question 13

Icy body that releases gases as it orbits the sun

Answer 13

Comet

Question 14

Rocky or metallic fragment of an asteroid, comet, or planet

Answer 14

Meteoroid

Question 15

Models of the universe

Answer 15

Geocentric Model by Claudius Ptolemy
Heliocentric Model by Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 16

Earth-centered
• The sun, moon, stars and the 5 planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) moved around the Earth.
• Planets moved with respect to fixed stars, changing brightness, changing speed, and having retrograde motion.

Answer 16

Geocentric model by Claudius Ptolemy

Question 17

Sun-centered
• heliocentrism, a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point.

Answer 17

Heliocentric Model by Nicolaus Cupernicus

Question 18

Theories on the Origin of the Solar System build up of the idea on the ———

Answer 18

Angular Momentum

Question 19

Formed about 4.5 billion years ago
A dense cloud of interstellar gas and dust from a nearby exploding star (supernova) eventually formed a solar nebula – a spinning, swirling disk of material

Answer 19

Solar Nebula

Question 20

• Star passed closed enough to the sun, creating huge tides and causing materials to be ejected.
• These smaller masses quickly cooled and became numerous planetesimals. • The accretion of planetesimals created the larger bodies or protoplanets.

Answer 20

Planetesimal theory

Question 21

• A massive star passed by the Sun, drawing from it a tidal filament.
• The gravitationally unstable filament broke up with each condensation forming a protoplanet.
• A dualistic theory

Answer 21

Tidal theory

Question 22

The dense area of the Nebula and the gaseous matter surrounding it ceased to rotate uniformly
• Under the influence of turbulence and tidal action, the nebula broke into whirlpools of gas within a rotating mass called protoplanets.

Answer 22

Protoplanet Theory

Question 23

—— drive the Earth’s subsystems. It is through these cycles that earth materials are recycled and replenish.

Answer 23

Biogeochemical cycles

Question 24

Earth’s four Spheres

Answer 24

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere/Geosphere

Question 25

•Largest of the four spheres •Comprises the solid portion of the Earth •Extends 6,400 km from the surface down to the core

Answer 25

Geosphere

Question 26

Layers of the geosphere

Answer 26

Crust Mantle Core

Question 27

a cold, thin, brittle outer shell made of rock; less than 1% of Earth by mass • Oceanic crust • Continental crust

Answer 27

Crust

Question 28

hot, ultramafic rock; it represents about 68% of Earth’s mass • Scientists discovered that mantle is made of rock based on evidence from seismic waves, heat flow and meteorites

Answer 28

Mantle

Question 29

dense metallic (mostly composed of iron); makes about 31% of the Earth

Answer 29

Core

Question 30

•Accounts for more than 70% of the Earth’s surface area •Not limited to the water we see on the surface; groundwater is part of the hydrosphere cycle

Answer 30

Hydrosphere

Question 31

Layer of gaseous envelope that surrounds the planet on the surface and extends thinly into space

Answer 31

Atmosphere

Question 32

Layers of atmosphere

Answer 32

Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

Question 33

contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen

Answer 33

Exosphere

Question 34

very hot & high amount of x-rays and UV radiation

Answer 34

Thermosphere

Question 35

serves as a shield for meteorites

Answer 35

Mesosphere

Question 36

contains much of the ozone

Answer 36

Stratosphere

Question 37

lowest part and the part we live in

Answer 37

Troposphere

Question 38

A set of layers of gases that blankets the planet held by the planet’s gravity. It is consisted of 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon and 0.04% water vapor including all other gases. Different layers of the atmosphere include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.

Answer 38

Atmosphere

Question 39

It is the liquid component of the Earth including oceans, glacial waters, and freshwater bodies that covers 70% of the earth’s surface; 98% of the water on Earth is saltwater.

Answer 39

Hydrosphere

Question 40

•Includes all forms of life on Earth •Includes organisms found in the deepest parts of the oceans and highest parts of the atmosphere

Answer 40

Biosphere

Question 41

It is the solid sphere of the earth. This is where geologic processes such as volcanism and orogenesis (mountain building) take place. The lithosphere is a part of the geosphere that is composed of the solid, outermost part of the planet.

Answer 41

Geosphere

Question 42

This is the living sphere of the earth. It is the totality of all the ecosystems in the whole planet. It compels us to interact with other living organisms with the influence of the abiotic factors in the system.

Answer 42

Biosphere