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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

a collection of cells that have been grown on or in a nutrient medium

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2
Q

Medium

A

a liquid or solid nutrient mixture containing all of the nutrients required for a microbe to grow

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

an aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organic molecules, various inorganic molecules and ribosomes

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

structures responsible for protein synthesis

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5
Q

eukarya

A

cells containing membrane-enclosed structures (organelles), ie. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack a nucleus and typically lack organelles

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7
Q

All cells have:

A

a cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, and a genome

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8
Q

nucleoid

A

a mass of aggregated chromosome within a prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

plasmids

A

small circles of DNA not associated to that of the chromosome (in prokaryotic cells)
- contain non-essential genes, can be expelled, high energy cost to replicate during duplication

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10
Q

properties of ALL cells:

A

Metabolism, growth, evolution

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11
Q

metabolism

A

taking up nutrients, converting them to energy, expelling waste

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12
Q

catabolism

A

large molecules broken down into energy and smaller parts

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13
Q

anabolism

A

creation of macromolecules

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14
Q

properties of SOME cells:

A

differentiation, communication, horizontal DNA transfer, motility

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15
Q

differentiation

A

formation of modified cells specialized for growth, dispersal, or survival

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16
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

exchange of genes between neighbouring cells, regardless of their species

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17
Q

rod-shaped cell

A

bacillus

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18
Q

spherical cell

A

coccus

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19
Q

spiral-shaped cell

A

spirillum

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20
Q

spirochetes

A

spiral shape, but flexible unlike the rigid spirillum

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21
Q

What enables Thiomargartia and Epulopiscium to be so large?

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A

many copies of their genome throughout the cytoplasm
-prevents diffusional limitation between the genome and any region of the cytoplasm

(Thiomargarita also has a large vacuole in the middle of its cell)

22
Q

3 domains to life

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A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

23
Q

Bacteria

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A

prokaryotic cell structure. diverse appearance, size, and functions.
most are unicellular, but can be multicellular
80 phyla, 90% within 4

24
Q

Archaea

Study These Flashcards
A

Prokaryotic cell structure. 5 phyla. Thought to be extremophiles, but appear in nonextreme environments (ie. methanogens in animal guts)
- lack pathenogenic species

25
# `1 Eukarya
Plants, animals, fungi - phylogenetically young (Cambrian explosion ~600mya) unicellular eukaryotes - 2 Bya Very unique and diverse in size, appearance, function, and physiology
26
Viruses
Not on the tree of life (not cellular) - can replicate - no metabolism (take over metabolism of host) - genomes comprised of DNA *or* RNA, double or single-stranded
27
*Thaurmarchaeota*
archaea that inhabit soils and oceans - important contributors to the nitrogen cycle
28
Five phyla of archaea
1. Euryarchaeota 2. Crenarchaeota 3. Thaumarchaeota 4. Nanoarchaeota 5. Korarchaeota
29
90% of bacteria are found in these 4 phyla:
1. Actinobacteria 2. Firmicutes 3. Proteobacteria 4. Bacteroidetes
30
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor (~3.8 Bya)
31
Cyanobacteria
oxygen-producing phototroph bacteria evolved ~2 Bya
32
how much of the earth's lifetime was exclusively microbial?
80%
33
Nodules
structures in the roots of legumes where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (nitrogen fixation) - fertilizer for the plant
34
Ruminants
- lack enzymes for cellulose breakdown - have a special chamber called the rumen where microbes digest and ferment cellulose
35
Industrial microbiology
wastewater treatment, bioremediation, biofilms, biotechnology, fermentation, biofuels
36
Biofuels
natural gas - methane, product of anaerobic metabolism of methanogenic Archaea ethanol - produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from carbon-rich feedstocks (sugarcane, corn)
37
bioremediation
microbes are used to transform oil spills, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental toxins into nontoxic forms
38
wastewater treatment
microbes are used to treat waste water to be reused or returned to the environment - cholera and typhoid can be removed
39
Van Leeuwenhoek
First person to see bacteria in 1676
40
Resolution
ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate - low resolution value = high resolution power (see objects VERY close together)
41
Louis Pasteur
chemist who studied the chemistry of crystal formation during alcohol production - led to discoveries in fermentation, spontaneous generation, pasteurization, and vaccine creation
42
Robert Koch
Created *germ theory* - Koch's postulates - dyed tuberculosis cells
43
Koch's postulates
1. suspected pathogen must be present in the diseased organism and absent in healthy organisms 2. suspected pathogen can be grown in pure culture 3. pure culture can infect healthy organisms 4. suspected pathogen can be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
44
chemolithotrophy
metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced using inorganic chemical compounds - defined by Winogradsky
45
enrichment culture technique
use culture media and selective incubation to selectively encourage growth of specific microbes - developed by Martinus Beijerinck
46
rRNA are good candidates for phylogenetic analysis because they were:
1. present in all cells 2. functionally constant 3. highly conserved in their nucleic acid sequence 4. of adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships
47
euchromatin
loosely packaged, lighter DNA | Eukarya
48
Heterochromatin
tightly packaged, darker DNA | Eukarya
49
Nucleolar organizing center
site of active transcription, rRNA and other machinery | Eukarya
50
Histones
proteins that package DNA into chromosomes | Eukarya

Micro (9 decks)

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